Table 3.
Labor and delivery distributions of cases and controls who gave birth at public hospitals of Tigrai, North Ethiopia.
| Variable | Category | Cases N = 135 | Controls N = 270 | Total N = 405 | COR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place of delivery | Health center | 8 (5.9) | 1 (0.4) | 9 (2.2) | 16.94 (2.09, 130.09) |
| Hospital | 127 (94.1) | 269 (99.6) | 396 (97.8) | 1 | |
| Partograph use | No | 118 (87.4) | 61 (22.6) | 179 (44.2) | 23.78 (13.23, 42.60) |
| Yes | 17 (12.6) | 209 (77.4) | 226 (55.6) | 1 | |
| Duration of labor | More than 18 h | 16 (11.9) | 1 (0.4) | 17 (4.2) | 10.19 (1.32, 78.54) |
| Obstructed labor | Yes | 80 (59.3) | 28 (10.4) | 108 (26.7) | 12.57 (7.47, 21.15) |
| Malpresentations | Yes | 18 (13.3) | 17 (6.3) | 35 (8.6) | 0.44 (0.21, 0.88) |
| Instrumental delivery | No | 130 (96.3) | 258 (95.6) | 388 (95.8) | 1 |
| Yes | 5 (3.7) | 12 (4.4) | 17 (4.2) | 1.51 (0.48, 4.77) | |
| Labor started spontaneously | No | 21 (15.6) | 14 (5.2) | 35 (8.6) | 3.37 (1.65, 6.86) |
| Yes | 114 (84.4) | 256 (94.8) | 370 (91.4) | 1 | |
| Trial of labor after CS | No | 122 (90.4) | 267 (98.9) | 389 (96) | 1 |
| Yes | 13 (9.6) | 3 (1.1) | 13 (9.6) | 9.48 (2.65, 33.89) | |
| Congenital anomaly of baby | No | 126 (93.3) | 267 (98.9) | 393 (97) | 1 |
| Yes | 9 (6.7) | 3 (1.1) | 12 (3) | 6.36 (1.69, 23.89) | |
| Birth weight | <4 | 106 (78.5) | 252 (93.3) | 358 (88.4) | 1 |
| ≥4 | 29 (21.5) | 18 (6.7) | 47 (11.6) | 3.83 (2.04, 7.19) |
Obstructed labor: attending physician diagnosed using American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) obstructed labor as arrest of labor during the first and second stages of labor despite adequate uterine contraction because of mechanical obstruction manifested by signs of severe obstruction: caput and moulding formation, Bandl's ring, and edematous vulva.