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. 2020 Sep 17;48(19):10648–10661. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa757

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — The MAP kinase signaling network. (A) A vast array of stimuli can activate the MAP kinase network, including environmental stressors, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and hormones. The canonical activation pattern of MAPK cascades begins with the stimulus-specific activation of a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K, green) that activates MAP kinase kinases (MAP2K, blue) that activates MAP kinases (MAPK, yellow). The cellular effects of MAP kinase signaling is mediated through the phosphorylation of a vast amount of effector proteins.