Table 2.
Summary of study characteristics and outcome measures
| First author and publication year | Study information | BCW intervention functions employed | Number received IVT | Total number of patients | % received IVT | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Addressed factor | Study design | Quality score (%) | Typea | Number | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | Intervention | Control | |
| Behrens et al. 2002 [20] | Germany | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 63 | 1,5,9 | 3 | 9 | 1 | 86 | 57 | 10 | 2 |
| Morgenstern et al. 2003 [21] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 89 | 1,5,7,8,9 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 80 | 70 | 11 | 1 |
| Lattimore et al. 2003 [22] | USA | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 50 | 1,5,7,9 | 4 | 44 | 3 | 420 | 200 | 10 | 2 |
| Belvis et al. 2005 [23] | Spain | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 67 | 2, | 1 | 7 | 8 | 37 | 181 | 19 | 4 |
| Wojner-Alexandrov et al. 2005 [24] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 1,2,5,9,7 | 4 | 64 | 21 | 709 | 192 | 9 | 11 |
| Ickenstein et al. 2005 [25] | Germany | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 67 | 2,5,9,1,7 | 5 | 45 | 10 | 164 | 155 | 27 | 6 |
| Nam et al. 2007 [26] | South Korea | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 67 | 2,7,9 | 3 | 25 | 14 | 213 | 529 | 12 | 3 |
| Demaerschalk et al. 2008 [27] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 71 | 1,9 | 2 | 320 | 4 | 1800 | 1454 | 18 | 0 |
| Abdullah et al. 2008 [28] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 79 | 2, | 1 | 18 | 16 | 44 | 74 | 41 | 22 |
| Quain et al. 2008 [29] | Australia | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 88 | 2,5,7,9 | 4 | 30 | 5 | 140 | 107 | 21 | 5 |
| Gladstone et al. 2009 [30] | Canada | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 58 | 2,7,9 | 3 | 30 | 7 | 128 | 74 | 23 | 9 |
| Pedrogosa et al. 2009 [31] | Spain | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 71 | 2,9 | 2 | 19 | 9 | 198 | 201 | 10 | 4 |
| Chenkin et al. 2009 [32] | Canada | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 79 | 5,2,9 | 3 | 56 | 18 | 554 | 307 | 10 | 6 |
| Muller-Nordhorn et al. 2009 [33] | Germany | Pre-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | 1,5 | 2 | 17 | 13 | 741 | 647 | 2 | 2 |
| Kim et al. 2009 [34] | South Korea | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 71 | 2,9,7 | 3 | 47 | 44 | 328 | 678 | 14 | 6 |
| Heo et al. 2010 [35] | South Korea | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 71 | 7,9,2 | 3 | 312 | 199 | 5404 | 5798 | 6 | 3 |
| Dharmasaroja et al. 2010 [36] | Thailand | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 67 | 1,2,5,9 | 4 | 110 | 14 | 406 | 170 | 27 | 8 |
| Bae et al. 2010 [37] | South Korea | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 79 | 2, | 1 | 33 | 18 | 55 | 47 | 60 | 38 |
| Sung et al. 2011 [38] | Taiwan | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 9, | 1 | 21 | 40 | 139 | 338 | 15 | 12 |
| Reiner-Deitemyer et al. 2011 [39] | Austria | Pre-hospital | Parallel group trial | 63 | 9, | 1 | 224 | 1062 | 898 | 13,731 | 25 | 8 |
| Hoegerl et al. 2011 [40] | USA | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 79 | 1,7,9 | 3 | 12 | 4 | 101 | 132 | 12 | 3 |
| Etgen et al. 2011 [41] | Germany | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 71 | 5,7,9,2 | 4 | 95 | 24 | 742 | 500 | 13 | 5 |
| Walter et al. 2011 [42] | Germany | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 79 | 9,7 | 2 | 16 | 32 | 78 | 120 | 21 | 27 |
| Driks et al. 2011 [43] | Netherland | In-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | 1,7,9 | 3 | 391 | 305 | 2990 | 2525 | 13 | 12 |
| Addo et al. 2012 [44] | UK | Pre-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 88 | 1, | 1 | 45 | 55 | 274 | 326 | 16 | 17 |
| Walter et al. 2012 [42] | Germany | Pre-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | 9,7 | 2 | 12 | 8 | 53 | 47 | 23 | 17 |
| O'Brien et al. 2012 [45] | Australia | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 67 | 1,2 | 2 | 22 | 5 | 115 | 67 | 19 | 7 |
| Berglund et al. 2012 [46] | Sweden | Pre- and in-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 81 | 2,9 | 2 | 60 | 24 | 488 | 454 | 12 | 5 |
| Prabhakaran et al. 2012 [47] | USA | In-hospital | Parallel group trial | 71 | 9, | 1 | 3335 | 732 | 58,512 | 61,027 | 6 | 1 |
| Bhatt et al. 2012 [48] | USA | In-hospital | Parallel group trial | 75 | 9, | 1 | 47 | 60 | 484 | 789 | 10 | 8 |
| Scott et al. 2013 [49] | USA | In-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | 1,2,9 | 3 | 235 | 194 | 8419 | 9222 | 3 | 2 |
| Meretoja et al. 2013 [50] | Australia | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 79 | 2,7,9 | 3 | 47 | 82 | 324 | 468 | 15 | 18 |
| McKinney et al. 2013 [51] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 88 | 2, | 1 | 31 | 17 | 114 | 115 | 27 | 15 |
| Amorim et al. 2013 [52] | USA | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 67 | 9,2 | 2 | 113 | 26 | 1669 | 919 | 7 | 3 |
| Nolte et al. 2013 [53] | Germany | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 79 | 2, | 1 | 51 | 14 | 64 | 36 | 80 | 39 |
| Prabhakaran et al. 2013 [47] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 79 | 2, | 1 | 64 | 22 | 787 | 719 | 8 | 3 |
| Schaik et al. 2014 [54] | Netherland | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 83 | 2,7,9 | 3 | 185 | 41 | 951 | 828 | 19 | 5 |
| Fonarow et al. 2014 [55] | USA | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 79 | 2,7,9 | 3 | 3552 | 1557 | 43,850 | 27,319 | 8 | 6 |
| Ebinger et al. 2014 [56] | Germany | Pre-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | 9,7 | 2 | 310 | 220 | 1070 | 1041 | 29 | 21 |
| Minnerup et al. 2014 [57] | Germany | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 63 | 9, | 1 | 13,240 | 622 | 71,349 | 22,549 | 19 | 3 |
| Camerlingo et al. 2014 [58] | Italy | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 83 | 1,5,9 | 3 | 23 | 8 | 401 | 376 | 6 | 2 |
| Ruff et al. 2014 [59] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 2,7,9 | 3 | 142 | 116 | 925 | 1413 | 15 | 8 |
| Hesselfeldt et al. 2014 [60] | Denmark | Pre-hospital | Parallel group trial | 75 | 9, | 1 | 22 | 87 | 65 | 265 | 34 | 33 |
| Chen et al. 2014 [61] | Taiwan | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 88 | 2, | 1 | 216 | 91 | 2512 | 3500 | 9 | 3 |
| Martinez-Sanchez et al. 2014 [62] | Spain | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 83 | 9,2 | 2 | 18 | 12 | 225 | 259 | 8 | 5 |
| Ragoschke-Schumm et al. 2015 [63] | UK | In-hospital | Parallel group trial | 75 | 7, | 1 | 66 | 49 | 174 | 81 | 38 | 60 |
| Willeit et al. 2015 [64] | Austria | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 2,7 | 2 | 160 | 82 | 1238 | 1237 | 13 | 7 |
| Kim et al. 2015 [65] | South Korea | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 2, | 1 | 202 | 44 | 341 | 132 | 59 | 33 |
| Baldin et al. 2015 [66] | Australia | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 79 | 9,2 | 2 | 16 | 10 | 62 | 58 | 26 | 17 |
| Moran et al. 2016 [67] | Hawaii | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 9, or 7 | 1 | 122 | 44 | 388 | 151 | 31 | 29 |
| Busby et al. 2016 [68] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 2, | 1 | 52 | 41 | 397 | 414 | 13 | 10 |
| Choi et al. 2016 [69] | South Korea | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 58 | 7,9 | 2 | 118 | 111 | 2078 | 2172 | 6 | 5 |
| Nishijima et al. 2016 [70] | Japan | Pre-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 71 | 1, | 1 | 36 | 41 | 600 | 544 | 6 | 8 |
| Kim et al. 2016 [71] | South Korea | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 75 | 2, | 1 | 215 | 59 | 306 | 136 | 70 | 43 |
| Prabhakaran et al. 2016 [72] | USA | In-hospital | Parallel group trial | 75 | 1,3,7,9 | 4 | 766 | 1626 | 10,314 | 15,261 | 7 | 11 |
| Hubert et al. 2016 [73] | Finland | In-hospital | Parallel group trial | 83 | 9,2 | 2 | 1779 | 912 | 11,589 | 3387 | 15 | 27 |
| Itrat et al. 2016 [74] | USA | Pre-hospital | Parallel group trial | 83 | 9,7 | 2 | 16 | 13 | 110 | 56 | 15 | 23 |
| Denti et al. 2017 [75] | Italy | Pre-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | 1, | 1 | 145 | 156 | 649 | 503 | 22 | 31 |
| Zaidi et al. 2017 [76] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 79 | 2,5,7 | 3 | 28 | 18 | 109 | 142 | 26 | 13 |
| Heikkila et al. 2019 [77] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 71 | 9, | 1 | 51 | 124 | 355 | 1581 | 14 | 8 |
| Hsiao et al. 2018 [78] | Taiwan | In-hospital | Parallel group trial | 75 | 2, | 1 | 40 | 18 | 254 | 118 | 16 | 15 |
| Carvalho et al. 2018 [79] | Brazil | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 5,7 | 2 | 28 | 13 | 154 | 61 | 18 | 21 |
| Gurav et al. 2018 [80] | India | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 2, | 1 | 65 | 44 | 610 | 695 | 11 | 6 |
| Tan et al. 2018 [81] | Sweden | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 75 | 2,7 | 2 | 281 | 129 | 826 | 416 | 34 | 31 |
| Haesebaert et al. 2018 [82] | France | Pre- and in-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | 1,5,7 | 3 | 140 | 114 | 363 | 328 | 39 | 35 |
| Nguyen-Huynh et al. 2018 [83] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 88 | 2,7,9 | 3 | 557 | 310 | 3168 | 2375 | 18 | 13 |
| Cone et al. 2018 [84] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 83 | 2, | 1 | 94 | 181 | 219 | 316 | 43 | 57 |
| Sadeghi-Hokmabadi et al. 2018 [85] | Iran | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 79 | 2, | 1 | 131 | 115 | 180 | 194 | 73 | 59 |
| Meyer et al. 2008 [86] | USA | In-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 89 | 9,2 | 2 | 31 | 28 | 111 | 111 | 28 | 25 |
| de Luca et al. 2009 [87] | Italy | In-hospital | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | 5,9 | 2 | 15 | 2 | 434 | 328 | 3 | 1 |
| Muller-Barna et al. 2014 [88] | Germany | In-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 83 | 9,2 | 2 | 655 | 63 | 4409 | 2466 | 15 | 3 |
| Vidale et al. 2016 [89] | Italy | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 75 | 2,5,7 | 3 | 37 | 14 | 610 | 424 | 6 | 3 |
| Nardetto et al. 2016 [90] | Italy | In-hospital | Parallel group trial | 71 | 9,2 | 2 | 25 | 106 | 75 | 318 | 33 | 33 |
| Hsieh et al. 2016 [91] | Taiwan | Pre- and in-hospital | Parallel group trial | 79 | 2, | 1 | 144 | 25 | 727 | 201 | 20 | 12 |
| Jeon et al. 2017 [92] | South Korea | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 83 | 2,7 | 2 | 34 | 141 | 297 | 2012 | 11 | 7 |
| Zhou et al. 2017 [93] | China | In-hospital | Parallel group trial | 71 | 9, | 1 | 231 | 88 | 712 | 689 | 32 | 13 |
| Henry-Morrow et al. 2017 [94] | USA | Pre- and in-hospital | Uncontrolled before and after | 50 | 1, | 1 | 16 | 8 | 82 | 38 | 20 | 21 |
aCoding of BCW intervention function type: Education = 1, Persuasion = 2, Incentivisation = 3, Coercion = 4, Training = 5, Restriction = 6, Environmental restructuring = 7, Modelling = 8, Enablement = 9