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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 5.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Biomed Eng. 2018 Jan 5;46(3):452–463. doi: 10.1007/s10439-017-1968-4

TABLE 3.

Statistical analysis between two insertion methods.

Insertion methods Mean ARE (°) Maximum ARE (°) Standard deviation of ARE
Angular error (°)
 AngleNav tracker (a)   6.6   9.4   1.9
 Free hand cognitive guidance (b) 18.6 34.8 11.0
 Improvement (1 – a/b) (%) 64.4 73.0 83.2
Insertion methods Mean TTE (mm) Maximum TTE (mm) Standard deviation of TTE
Tip-to-target distance error (mm)
 AngleNav tracker (a)   8.7 14.4   3.1
 Free hand cognitive guidance (b) 19.3 29.0   8.0
 Improvement (1 – a/b) (%) 54.8 50.3 61.2