TABLE 3.

Parameter estimates and latent factor correlations for bifactor model.

	Sample one (N = 894)				Sample two (N = 589)
Item	General	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	General	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3
Depression
3. I couldn’t seem to experience any positive feeling at all	0.635**	0.592**	0.203*	0.154	0.588**	0.438**	0.141	0.016
5. I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things	0.762**	0.587**	0.115	0.178	0.417**	0.734**	0.108	0.047
10. I felt that I had nothing to look forward to	0.738**	0.571**	0.182	0.192	0.716**	0.564**	0.084	0.095
13. I felt down-hearted and blue	0.529**	0.491**	0.221*	0.144	0.513**	0.457**	0.027	0.104
16. I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything	0.407**	0.753**	0.134	0.117	0.421**	0.714**	0.039	0.029
17. I felt I wasn’t worth much as a person	0.866**	0.581**	0.216*	0.191	0.748**	0.627**	0.326**	0.007
21. I felt that life was meaningless	0.467**	0.421**	0.156	0.147	0.492**	0.449**	0.109	0.061
Anxiety
2. I was aware of dryness of my mouth	0.395**	0.142	0.799**	0.187	0.387**	0.055	0.781**	0.129
4. I experienced breathing difficulty (e.g., excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion)	0.554**	0.217*	0.451**	0.105	0.729**	0.031	0.477**	0.131
7. I experienced trembling (e.g., in the hands)	0.836**	0.157	0.468**	0.114	0.691**	0.112	0.492**	0.321**
9. I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself	0.789**	0.216*	0.491**	0.141	0.407**	0.131	0.768**	0.094
15. I felt I was close to panic	0.637**	0.176	0.573**	0.186	0.583**	0.008	0.524**	0.092
19. I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (e.g., sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat)	0.731**	0.234*	0.474**	0.193	0.631**	0.004	0.451**	0.004
20. I felt scared without any good reason	0.622**	0.128	0.582**	0.139	0.604**	0.067	0.575**	0.055
Stress
1. I found it hard to wind down	0.655**	0.151	0.163	0.508**	0.587**	0.008	0.117	0.523**
6. I tended to over-react to situations	0.851**	0.127	0.238*	0.487**	0.381**	0.044	0.154	0.806**
8. I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy	0.634**	0.128	0.127	0.492**	0.639**	0.151	0.329**	0.568**
11. I found myself getting agitated	0.722**	0.215*	0.121	0.495**	0.722**	0.118	0.008	0.463**
12. I found it difficult to relax	0.836**	0.142	0.133	0.528**	0.546**	0.136	0.087	0.507**
14. I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing	0.402**	0.169	0.227*	0.852**	0.382**	0.071	0.112	0.794**
18. I felt that I was rather touchy	0.766**	0.111	0.172	0.464**	0.654**	0.035	0.061	0.448**
Latent Correlations
General		0.780**	0.752**	0.803**		0.713**	0.648**	0.761**
Depression			0.518**	0.585**			0.487**	507**
Anxiety				0.570**				0.494**

Values in bold indicate highest loading on that factor. Values underlined are interpreted as a factor. General, General Factor; Factor 1, Depression; Factor 2, Anxiety; Factor 3, Stress; See Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) for DASS-21 publication manual. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.