Table 1.
Characteristics of low and high quality NHs at the baseline year 2011
| Variable | Low-quality NHs N=1494 | High-quality NHs N=1283 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) / N (%) | Mean (SD) / N (%) | |||
| Dependent Variable | Prevalence of ADRD among new admissions (%) | 35.61(13.8) | 31.67(16.38) | <0.01 |
| Key Independent Variables | CNA hourly wage | 12.12(1.27) | 12.48(1.50) | <0.01 |
| State Medicaid Behavioral / mental add-on (Yes) | 38(2.54%) | 36(2.82%) | 0.64 | |
| State Medicaid per diem rate | 167.23(31.26) | 176.89(29.16) | <0.01 | |
| Other State/Market factors | Case-mix reimbursement (Yes)* | 1033(69.15%) | 791(61.64%) | <0.01 |
| CMS wage index | 0.99(0.13) | 1.03(0.16) | <0.01 | |
| Herfindahl-Hirschman index | 0.02(0.05) | 0.01(0.04) | 0.05 | |
| RN hourly wage | 32.34(4.66) | 33.45(5.23) | <0.01 | |
| LPN hourly wage | 20.58(2.36) | 21.10(2.67) | <0.01 | |
| HHA per 1000 jobs | 7.12(4.07) | 6.72(3.43) | 0.01 | |
| Unemployment rate (%) | 8.83(2.07) | 8.59(2.23) | <0.01 | |
| Aggregated case-mix characteristics | Average age of residents | 80.03(2.68) | 82.4(3.21) | <0.01 |
| Average ADL score | 16.83(2.56) | 16.44(2.87) | <0.01 | |
| Average case-mix index based on RUG4 groups | 1.29(0.17) | 1.26(0.18) | <0.01 | |
| Percentage of residents from hospital (%) | 0.67(0.16) | 0.70(0.18) | <0.01 | |
| Percentage of male (%) | 0.41(0.12) | 0.35(0.12) | <0.01 | |
| Percentage of white (%) | 0.76(0.26) | 0.86(0.23) | <0.01 | |
| Percentage of black (%) | 0.15(0.21) | 0.07(0.15) | <0.01 | |
| Percentage of other race (%) | 0.10(0.16) | 0.07(0.16) | <0.01 | |
| Cancer Prevalence (%) | 0.09(0.06) | 0.08(0.06) | 0.19 | |
| Coronary artery disease prevalence (%) | 0.21(0.1) | 0.20(0.11) | 0.65 | |
| Heart failure prevalence (%) | 0.22(0.09) | 0.21(0.10) | <0.01 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease prevalence (%) | 0.06(0.06) | 0.06(0.05) | <0.01 | |
| Diabetes prevalence (%) | 0.35(0.10) | 0.29(0.12) | <0.01 | |
| Hypertension prevalence (%) | 0.76(0.12) | 0.76(0.12) | 0.49 | |
| Asthma prevalence (%) | 0.25(0.09) | 0.22(0.10) | <0.01 | |
| Stroke prevalence (%) | 0.15(0.08) | 0.13(0.08) | <0.01 | |
| Respiratory failure prevalence (%) | 0.04(0.08) | 0.02(0.06) | <0.01 |
*
Case-mix reimbursement refers to how Medicaid pays NHs for the care of long-term care residents. This method aims to account for differences in the mix of resident attributes across NHs.