Appendix-Table1:
Regressions of NH Quality on ADRD% among New Admissions from 2011–2014
| Model 1 β (SE) |
Model 2 β (SE) |
Model 3 β (SE) |
Model 4 β (SE) |
Model 5 β (SE) |
Model 6 β (SE) |
Model 7 β (SE) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Quality NHs | −2.995*** (0.539) |
−3.213*** (0.501) |
−3.432*** (0.515) |
−4.683*** (0.658) |
−3.455*** (0.521) |
−3.370*** (0.517) |
−2.040*** (0.277) |
| CNA hourly wage | −0.891*** (0.253) |
−0.885*** (0.281) |
−0.940*** (0.338) |
−0.865*** (0.216) |
−0.971*** (0.282) |
−0.534*** (0.152) |
|
| High Quality NHs × Centered CNA hourly wage | 0.0728 (0.279) |
0.128 (0.328) |
0.0905 (0.281) |
0.133 (0.281) |
−0.138 (0.162) |
||
| Behavioral/Mental add-on | 1.172** (0.504) |
0.191 (0.555) |
0.00988 (0.682) |
0.0169 (0.552) |
0.219 (0.559) |
−0.451 (0.733) |
|
| High Quality NHs × Behavioral/Mental add-on | 2.151** (0.990) |
1.707 (1.251) |
1.813* (0.993) |
2.090** (0.994) |
2.003*** (0.718) |
||
| HHA per 1000 jobs | −0.134** (0.0535) |
−0.137** (0.0534) |
−0.168*** (0.0635) |
−0.134** (0.0539) |
−0.109*** (0.0392) |
||
| Medicaid per diem rate | −0.0105 (0.00848) |
−0.0106 (0.00847) |
−0.00421 (0.00995) |
−0.00880 (0.00852) |
−0.0109** (0.00496) |
||
| Case-mix reimbursement | −0.405 (0.428) |
−0.478 (0.430) |
−0.610 (0.543) |
−0.407 (0.431) |
0.143 (0.710) |
||
| RN hourly wage | 0.0764 (0.0887) |
0.0796 (0.0888) |
0.158 (0.107) |
0.0987 (0.0895) |
0.00320 (0.0631) |
||
| LPN hourly wage | 0.0885 (0.155) |
0.0688 (0.155) |
0.0175 (0.191) |
0.0539 (0.157) |
0.114 (0.0859) |
||
| CMS wage index | −2.780 (2.881) |
−2.977 (2.883) |
−1.832 (3.358) |
−3.307 (2.889) |
−4.722*** (1.832) |
||
| Herfindahl-Hirschman Index | 8.992** (4.491) |
9.046** (4.509) |
12.56* (6.573) |
3.912 (12.41) |
5.326** (2.431) |
||
| unemployment rate | 0.130 (0.127) |
0.139 (0.128) |
0.224 (0.151) |
0.154 (0.129) |
0.227*** (0.0700) |
||
| Average age of residents | 1.076*** (0.101) |
1.076*** (0.101) |
1.057*** (0.120) |
1.075*** (0.102) |
1.080*** (0.102) |
1.100*** (0.0641) |
|
| Percentage of Male | 3.586 (2.196) |
3.549 (2.197) |
4.450 (2.721) |
3.603 (2.208) |
3.707* (2.226) |
4.313*** (1.328) |
|
| Percentage of White | −3.729** (1.531) |
−3.780** (1.535) |
−3.399* (1.845) |
−2.547 (1.585) |
−3.735** (1.562) |
−4.184*** (1.045) |
|
| Percentage of Black | 4.597** (1.897) |
4.540** (1.902) |
4.791** (2.371) |
5.689*** (2.074) |
4.686** (1.930) |
5.005*** (1.247) |
|
| Cancer Prevalence | −9.086** (3.694) |
−9.132** (3.696) |
−11.23** (4.511) |
−9.201** (3.713) |
−8.870** (3.755) |
−13.28*** (2.799) |
|
| Coronary Artery Disease Prevalence | 11.39*** (2.539) |
11.44*** (2.537) |
11.21*** (3.058) |
11.38*** (2.532) |
11.24*** (2.580) |
8.063*** (1.822) |
|
| Heart Failure Prevalence | −4.032 (2.831) |
−4.107 (2.833) |
−4.325 (3.484) |
−4.107 (2.855) |
−4.130 (2.889) |
−5.765*** (1.956) |
|
| Peripheral Vascular Disease Prevalence | 8.895** (4.019) |
8.890** (4.007) |
8.788* (4.572) |
8.870** (4.034) |
9.057** (4.072) |
3.330 (3.357) |
|
| Diabetes Prevalence | 2.239 (2.484) |
2.295 (2.482) |
5.147 (3.173) |
2.314 (2.495) |
1.976 (2.509) |
−2.175 (1.548) |
|
| Hypertension Prevalence | 3.016 (1.953) |
3.028 (1.953) |
2.334 (2.454) |
2.710 (1.977) |
2.714 (1.984) |
6.288*** (1.488) |
|
| Asthma Prevalence | 3.178 (2.517) |
3.199 (2.515) |
4.731 (3.027) |
3.156 (2.519) |
3.601 (2.545) |
1.219 (1.861) |
|
| Stroke Prevalence | 2.726 (3.056) |
2.719 (3.057) |
1.101 (3.785) |
2.176 (3.062) |
2.539 (3.097) |
8.355*** (2.441) |
|
| Respiratory Failure Prevalence | 2.424 (3.712) |
2.342 (3.715) |
2.102 (4.489) |
2.507 (3.686) |
3.006 (3.733) |
4.621* (2.654) |
|
| Average ADL score based on 0–28 scale | 1.093*** (0.149) |
1.096*** (0.149) |
1.141*** (0.181) |
1.064*** (0.149) |
1.102*** (0.152) |
0.966*** (0.103) |
|
| Average case-mix index based on RUG4 groups | −20.81*** (2.347) |
−20.78*** (2.347) |
−22.91*** (2.904) |
−21.09*** (2.339) |
−20.88*** (2.368) |
−19.18*** (1.364) |
|
| Percentage of patients from hospital | −20.22*** (1.802) |
−20.19*** (1.803) |
−20.20*** (2.183) |
−19.87*** (1.810) |
−19.83*** (1.827) |
−20.72*** (1.195) |
|
| year=2012 | −1.376*** (0.334) |
−1.355*** (0.334) |
−1.205*** (0.390) |
−1.452*** (0.314) |
−1.407*** (0.338) |
−1.133*** (0.341) |
|
| year=2013 | −2.764*** (0.390) |
−2.730*** (0.390) |
−2.578*** (0.461) |
−2.892*** (0.332) |
−2.734*** (0.394) |
−2.329*** (0.360) |
|
| year=2014 | −2.948*** (0.543) |
−2.927*** (0.543) |
−2.469*** (0.628) |
−3.228*** (0.372) |
−2.930*** (0.550) |
−2.797*** (0.325) |
|
| Constant | 33.05*** (0.320) |
−34.12*** (8.956) |
−33.57*** (8.908) |
−34.57*** (10.78) |
−30.88*** (8.686) |
−34.46*** (9.011) |
−33.41*** (5.898) |
| County fixed effect | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | NA | NA |
| Number of NHs | 2777 | 2777 | 2777 | 1991 | 2777 | 2721 | 8729 |
In Model 4, we excluded high-quality NHs whose star rating switched to 3 or lower and low-quality NHs whose star rating switched to 4 or higher in the following years. In model 5, we estimated the regression with county fixed-effects. In Model 6, we excluded the counties that have either only high-quality NHs or only low-quality NHs. In model 7, we redefined high-quality NHs as 5- or 4-star NHs in the baseline year (i.e. 2011) and redefined low-quality NHs as 1-,2-, or 3-star NHs in the baseline year.
β represents the coefficient and SE represents the robust standard errors
random effect model grouped by facility
*
p < 0.10,
**
p < 0.05,
***
p < 0.01