Table 6.

Individual amino acids, total BCAA, total EAA, and total amino acid maximum concentration (Cmax)

Cmax [μmol/L]
Amino acid	Protein plus probiotic		Protein		Protein plus probiotic vs. protein
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p value (t test)	Difference (%)	Effect size (d)
Arginine	102.4	30.9	106.6	42.9	0.556	− 3.9	− 0.11
Glutamine	601.7	131.8	599.9	131.2	0.974	0.3	0.01
Citrulline	26.4	9.7	27.4	10.5	0.580	− 3.6	− 0.10
Serine	128.3	28.4	130.4	47.5	0.860	− 1.6	− 0.05
Asparagine	101.3	22.6	96.1	31.0	0.602	5.5	0.19
Glycine	228.3	56.7	237.3	66.5	0.625	− 3.8	− 0.15
Threonine	161.9	30.5	159.2	51.0	0.861	1.7	0.06
Alanine	414.6	148.2	389.6	135.3	0.418	6.4	0.18
Ornithine	72.8	23.4	72.0	23.7	0.881	1.2	0.04
Methionine	23.2	8.9	19.9	6.3	0.008*	16.3	0.42
Proline	318.7	129.1	323.0	176.2	0.905	− 1.3	− 0.03
Lysine	276.0	45.9	266.0	70.5	0.627	3.7	0.17
Aspartic acid	7.3	3.6	5.9	3.6	0.208	22.7	0.37
Histidine	110.0	59.1	73.7	24.5	0.048*	49.2	0.80
Valine	490.5	174.5	393.4	94.2	0.034*	24.7	0.69
Glutamic acid	50.4	24.3	51.9	22.5	0.740	−3.0	−0.07
Tryptophan	90.8	24.7	88.7	19.7	0.796	2.4	0.10
Leucine	200.7	80.3	160.3	71.6	0.043*	25.2	0.53
Phenylalanine	57.6	16.8	54.8	18.9	0.252	5.2	0.16
Isoleucine	149.4	46.8	118.4	41.6	0.020*	26.1	0.70
Cysteine	19.5	5.3	19.8	7.5	0.832	− 1.8	− 0.06
Tyrosine	70.6	23.2	63.3	22.6	0.014*	11.6	0.32
Total BCAA	833.8	237.5	657.8	192.6	0.009*	26.8	0.81
Total EAA	1512.6	315.7	1308.2	301.3	0.022*	15.6	0.66
Total amino acids	3566.6	586.2	3389.4	818.6	0.371	5.2	0.25