Table 3 -.

Effects of States of Consciousness

	Unanesthetized			Anesthetized
	Conscious		Decerebrate
	Voluntary voiding		Reflex micturition
	Restrained	Freely-moving
Pros	• No influence of anesthesia during experiment • Better model of physiologic conditions		• Little influence from environmental distractions • Ease of animal handling and catheter management during experiment • No influence of emotional or social behaviors • Allows for greater complexity in experimental design (e.g., measurement of sphincter EMG, urethral pressure, blood pressure) • No effects from surgically-induced injury responses (e.g. wound healing, chronic pain) • Less prone to artifacts
	• Less noisy data acquisition compared to freely moving	• Less stressful compared to restrained	• Eliminates effect of anesthesia during experiment	• Convenience in usage
Cons	• Hard to handle animal and catheters during experiment (e.g. recording artifact) • Influence from environmental factors • Possible influence of animals' emotive responses on cystometric outcomes • Potential chronic catheter implant complications (e.g. infection, catheter blockage/extrusion) 4		• No active intervention of the forebrain
	• Affected by acute restraint stress response • Ethical issues	• Twisting of catheter and bladder	• Challenging surgical procedure requiring extra training and experience in technique • Longer time for surgery	• Interactions with pharmacological and physiological interventions