TABLE 4.

Microbiome analysis in human in vivo forensic studies^a

Reference	n	Age (yr)	Gender	Population analyzed	Microbiome location
Determination of human geolocation
Walker et al. (20)	293	n.i.	n.i.	New Zealand, USA, Nigeria, Portugal, Chile, Japan, and Colombia	n.i.
Brinkac et al. (54)	21	n.i.	n.i.	USA	Scalp hair and pubic areas
Nagasawa et al. (33)	144	18–89	W/M	China, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Afghanistan, and the Philippines	Intestine
Escobar et al. (55)	126	19–68	W/M	USA, Spain, France, Denmark, South Korea, and Japan	Intestine
Determination of personal belongings
Neckovic et al. (57)	6	n.i.	n.i.	Australia	Hand
Phan et al. (58)	45	21–70	W/M	Australia	Hand
Kodama et al. (21)	88	24–69	W/M	USA (Hawaii)	Medical devices, pipes, manipulated objects, book, drinking container, glasses, identification card, armrest, steering wheel, computer devices, remote controls, mobile phones, door handles, switches, water taps, purse, razors, lighters, keys, cosmetics, combs, dumbbells, harmonica, nail clippers, and watch
Lax et al. (59)	91	n.i.	n.i.	Canada and USA	Mobile phones, shoes, and floor in the area
Determination of sexual contact
Williams et al. (60)	43	21–70	W/M	USA	Pubic hair
Williams et al. (60)	6	21–70	W/M	USA	Pubic hair
Human identification
Richardson et al. (19)	37	n.i.	W/M	USA	Skin
Schmedes et al. (34)	72	n.i.	W/M	USA	Skin
Schmedes et al. (35)	12	n.i.	W/M	USA	Skin
Wilkins et al. (61)	19	n.i.	n.i.	China	Skin and surfaces of objects
Park et al. (31)	15	n.i.	W/M	South Korea	Hand
Leake et al. (32)	2	25–69	M	Switzerland	Saliva

^an, number of individuals or samples analyzed; n.i., not indicated; W/M, women/men.