Table 3.
Hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazard models by three measures of family structure (including partner/spouse and children).
| Model 1 (family status & controls) | Model 2 (volume of ties & controls) | Model 3 (family embeddedness & controls) | Model 4 (M1 & explanatory factors) | Model 5 (M2 & explanatory factors) | Model 6 (M3 & explanatory factors) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family status | ||||||
| No partner (yes partner) | 1.307*** | 1.131*** | ||||
| No child (yes child) | 1.176*** | 1.169*** | ||||
| Volume of ties (0) | ||||||
| 1 | 0.967 | 0.996 | ||||
| 2+ | 0.751*** | 0.809*** | ||||
| Family embeddedness (yes partner, yes child) | ||||||
| No partner, yes child | 1.330*** | 1.143*** | ||||
| Yes partner, no child | 1.297*** | 1.239*** | ||||
| No partner, no child | 1.479*** | 1.292*** | ||||
| Control variables | ||||||
| Female (male) | 0.651*** | 0.693*** | 0.651*** | 0.628*** | 0.642*** | 0.627*** |
| Race (White, non-Hispanic) | ||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1.093** | 1.131*** | 1.090* | 0.907*** | 0.912** | 0.905*** |
| Hispanic | 0.805*** | 0.817*** | 0.804*** | 0.675*** | 0.676*** | 0.674*** |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 0.929 | 0.944 | 0.928 | 0.788* | 0.792* | 0.788* |
| Education (less than high school) | ||||||
| High school degree | 0.786*** | 0.775*** | 0.786*** | 1.012 | 1.009 | 1.012 |
| Some college | 0.679*** | 0.681*** | 0.681*** | 0.963 | 0.973 | 0.964 |
| College degree or more | 0.594*** | 0.584*** | 0.595*** | 0.979 | 0.979 | 0.979 |
| Age | 1.088*** | 1.090*** | 1.088*** | 1.064*** | 1.065*** | 1.064*** |
| Economic security | ||||||
| Logged wealth | 0.987*** | 0.985*** | 0.987*** | |||
| Logged individual income | 0.984** | 0.984*** | 0.984** | |||
| Physical health | ||||||
| Good/excellent health (fair/poor) | 0.568*** | 0.568*** | 0.568*** | |||
| Number of chronic conditions | 1.097*** | 1.098*** | 1.097*** | |||
| Smoking (never smoker) | ||||||
| Former smoker | 1.282*** | 1.282*** | 1.282*** | |||
| Current smoker | 1.831*** | 1.845*** | 1.830*** | |||
| Number of ADLs | 1.148*** | 1.148*** | 1.148*** | |||
| Number of IADLs | 1.198*** | 1.197*** | 1.198*** | |||
| Participates in vigorous activity (does not participate) | 0.670*** | 0.671*** | 0.671*** | |||
| Social connectedness | ||||||
| Lonely (not lonely) | 0.987 | 0.994 | 0.987 | |||
| Labor force participation (not in labor force) | ||||||
| Part-time | 0.648*** | 0.650*** | 0.648*** | |||
| Full-time | 0.583*** | 0.585*** | 0.583*** | |||
Notes: N=159,667. Partner = partner or spouse; Child = any children.
***
p<0.01
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05.