Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of association for per 5-nmol/L increment in insulin-like growth factor-1 and total and selected site-specific cancers
| Total cancer (women) | Phet | Total cancer (men) | Phet | Breast cancer | Phet | Prostate cancer | Phet | Colorectal cancer | Phet | Lung cancer | Phet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 1.10 (1.07, 1.14) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.11) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | ||||||
| Sex | 0.23 | 0.003 | ||||||||||
| Male | - | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | - | 1.09 (1.05, 1.12) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) | 0.85 (0.79, 0.91) | ||||||
| Female | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | - | 1.10 (1.07, 1.14) | - | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | ||||||
| Menopausal status, among women only | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 0.29 | ||||||||
| Premenopausal | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | - | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | - | 1.19 (0.97, 1.46) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.19) | ||||||
| Postmenopausal | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | - | 1.08 (1.03, 1.12) | - | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.59 | 0.25 | 1.00 | 0.33 | ||||||
| <25 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.18) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | ||||||
| ≥25 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.14) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.87, 0.997) | ||||||
| Smoking status | 0.58 | 0.0003 | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.89 | 0.0005 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.12) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.15) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.30) | ||||||
| Ever smoker | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | ||||||
| Alcohol consumption | 0.84 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.54 | ||||||
| Less than one drink per week | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | ||||||
| One drink or more per week | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.12 (1.07, 1.17) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.97) | ||||||
| Follow-up duration, years | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.24 | 0.60 | 0.82 | ||||||
| <5 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.14) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) | ||||||
| ≥5 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | ||||||
| Sex hormone binding globulin, nmol/L | 0.92 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.19 | ||||||
| <Median | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | ||||||
| ≥Median | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | ||||||
| Testosterone, nmol/L | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.72 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.26 | ||||||
| <Median | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.11) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.00) | ||||||
| ≥Median | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.15) | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) |
CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio
Notes:
Adjusted for age (5-year categories), assessment center, first two principal components, sex (for cancers in men and women), alcohol consumption (never, special occasions only, 1–3 times per month, 1–2 times per week, 3–4 times per week, daily/almost daily), smoking status (never, former, current), physical activity on the IPAQ scale (low, moderate, high, missing), height in cm (women: <155, 155–159, 160–164, 165–169, ≥170; men: <165, 165–169, 170–174, 175–179, ≥180), BMI in kg/m2 (<21, 21–24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, ≥35), waist-to-hip ratio (women: ≤0.80, 0.81–0.85, >0.85; men: ≤0.90, 0.91–0.95, >0.95), and average household income (less than £18,000, £18,000 to £30,999, £31,000 to £51,999, £52,000 to £100,000, greater than £100,000, refused, do not know). For female-specific cancers, we additionally adjusted for menopausal status (premenopausal, postmenopausal, unknown menopausal status), age at menarche (<12, 12–13, ≥14, missing), parity (nulliparous, 1, 2, 3, ≥4), age at first live birth (nulliparous, <20, 20–24, 25–29, ≥30), ever used oral contraceptives (yes, no), ever used hormone replacement therapy (yes, no). For breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer, we additionally adjusted for family history of the respective cancer in a first-degree relative (yes, no). For breast cancer, we additionally adjusted for prior history of breast cancer screening/mammograms (ever, never)