Table 1.
Studies reporting auditory and/or vestibular symptoms with the use of cyclosporine.
| Study | Age | n | CsA treatment | Follow-up | Hearing loss eval. method | Hearing loss | Tinnitus | Vestibular symptoms* | Other drugs used | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indication | Duration | Dosage | |||||||||
| Ibrahim et al. (26) | 9.7 ± 3 yrs (5–16) | 80 | Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome | 17 m (2–24) | – | At least 12 m | Pure tone audiometry | 23.7% (19/80) | – | – | Cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone |
| Kasap-Demir et al. (27) | 129.06 ± 63.25 m | 16 | Nephrotic syndrome (SDNS, FRNS, SRNS) | 40.22 ± 35.14 (7–129) m | Cumulative: 4,480.9 ± 3,652.86 (630–13,466) mg/kg | 30.44 ± 19.88 m (1–53) | Pure tone audiometry, TEOAE | 0% | 0% | – | Steroids, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, levamisole, mycophenolate mofetil, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors |
| Gulleroglu et al. (28) | 14.05 ± 4.11 yrs | 27 | Renal transplant | 29.8 ± 22.5 m | – | 21.3 ± 12.2 m | Pure tone audiometry, questionnaire | 63% (17/27) | 4% (1/27) | 0% | Mycophenolate mofetil, prednisolone |
| Fortes et al. (29) | 46.2 yrs | 18 | Liver transplant | – | – | 636 days (65–939) | Pure tone audiometry | – | – | – | Prednisone, azathioprine, vancomycin, nystatin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim |
| Rifai et al. (30) | 51 ± 17 yrs | 478 | Orthotopic liver transplant | – | – | 8 ± 5 yrs | Questionnaire | 15% (73/478) | 11% (54/478) | – | Tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, prednisolone, sirolimus, azathioprine |
| Groothoff et al. (31) | 29.3 yrs (20.7–41.7) | 106 | Renal transplant | – | – | 11.3 yrs (0–29.9) | Questionnaire | 8% | – | – | Prednisone, azathioprine, tacrolimus, antihypertensive (various) |
| Cole et al. (32) | 46 yrs | 1,097 | Renal transplant | 18 m | - CsA: 257 ± 97 mg/day - CsA-ME: 248 ± 80 mg/day | 18 m | ? | Overall: 4.7% (52/1,097) | Prednisone, azathioprine | ||
CsA, cyclosporine; CsA-ME, cyclosporine microemulsion; m, months; yrs, years; eval, evaluation; SDNS, steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome; FRNS, frequently-relapsing nephrotic syndrome; SRNS, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; TEOAE, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions.
*
dizziness, vertigo. Parenthesis represent range.