Fig. 1. Cross-ancestry nicotine dependence genome-wide association meta-analysis results.

This study comprises 23 iNDiGO studies with total N = 58,000 biologically independent samples from European and African American ancestry ever smokers. The –log₁₀ meta-analysis p-values of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; depicted as circles) and insertions/deletions (indels; depicted as triangles) are plotted by chromosomal position. Five loci surpassed the genome-wide statistical significance threshold (P < 5 × 10⁻⁸, as marked by the solid horizontal black line).