Table 2.

Associations between COPD patients with or without the use of ICS and the risk of coronary heart disease^a.

	Crude Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p value
Total	0.97 (0.83–1.14)	0.71	1.13 (0.96–1.32)	0.14
Adults ≥ 55 yearsb	1.07 (0.90–1.27)	0.44	1.08 (0.91–1.28)	0.38
Males < 55 yearsc	0.74 (0.44–1.24)	0.74	0.76 (0.45–1.29)	0.31
Females < 55 year c	1.62 (0.88–3.00)	0.12	1.55 (0.83–2.88)	0.17
Never smokerd	0.94 (0.77–1.14)	0.51	1.12 (0.91–1.37)	0.30
Former smokerd	0.81 (0.57–1.15)	0.24	0.87 (0.61–1.26)	0.46
Current smokerd	1.27 (0.88–1.84)	0.20	1.42 (0.98–2.07)	0.06

COPD, chronic obstructive; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; CI, confidence interval.

^aICS usages are analyzed as time-dependent covariates.

^bAdjusted HRs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, household income level, Charlson comorbidity index, and smoking status.

^cAdjusted HRs were adjusted for body mass index, household income level, Charlson comorbidity index, and smoking status.

^dAdjusted HRs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, household income level, and Charlson comorbidity index.