Table 3.

Associations between cumulative^ab dose of ICS exposure and the risk of coronary heart disease in COPD patients.

	Crude Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p value
Total	0.68 (0.52–0.89)	0.005	0.68 (0.52–0.89)	0.004
Adults ≥ 55 yearsc	0.75 (0.58–0.99)	0.039	0.74 (0.56–0.97)	0.004
Males < 55 yearsd	0.29 (0.07–1.15)	0.078	0.66 (0.48–0.91)	0.011
Females < 55 yearsd	0.34 (0.07–1.76)	0.20	0.56 (0.32–1.00)	0.049
Never smokere	0.67 (0.45–1.00)	0.052	0.73 (0.49–1.07)	0.11
Former smokere	0.54 (0.30–0.97)	0.040	0.51 (0.28–0.92)	0.026
Current smokere	0.81 (0.52–1.24)	0.32	0.81 (0.51–1.28)	0.36

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; CI, confidence interval.

^aMeasured as a continuous variable (grams).

^bICS usages are analyzed as time-dependent covariates.

^cAdjusted HRs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, household income level, Charlson comorbidity index, and smoking status.

^dAdjusted HRs were adjusted for body mass index, household income level, Charlson comorbidity index, and smoking status.

^eAdjusted HRs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, household income level, and Charlson comorbidity index.