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. 2020 Oct 22;7:570344. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.570344

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Copyright © 2020 Teame, Wang, Xie, Zhang, Yang, Ding, Gao, Olsen, Ran and Zhou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of the cell surface architecture of Lactobacilli, the bilipidic cell membrane (CM) with embedded proteins is covered by a multilayered peptidoglycan (PG) shell decorated with lipoteichoic acids (LTA), wall teichoic acids (WTA), pili, proteins, and lipoproteins. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) form a thick covering closely associated with PG and are surrounded by an outer envelope of S-layer proteins. The beneficial effects of the paraprobiotics and postbiotics are denoted by numbers. (1) immunomodulatory effects; (2) antagonistic effects against pathogens; (3) anti-tumor effects; (4) preservation of intestinal barrier. Related references are as follows. Pili: immunomodulatory effects (46–48), preservation of intestinal barrier (46, 72). Protein p40/p75: immunomodulatory effects (74), preservation of intestinal barrier (17, 75–78). Aggregation promoting factor (APF) proteins: antagonistic effects against pathogens (79–83). Bacteriocins: immunomodulatory effects (9, 84–87), antagonistic effects against pathogens (88–91). LTA: immunomodulatory effects (7, 92, 93). Peptidoglycan: immunomodulatory effects (39, 94, 95). S-layers proteins: antagonistic effects against pathogens (96–98). Exopolysaccharides (EPS): immunomodulatory effects (99–102), anti-tumor effects (75, 103–106).