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. 2020 Oct 22;7:570344. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.570344

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Interactions of the MAMP of Lactobacillus with PRRs of the epithelial and immune cells of the host. Probiotic Lactobacillus possess conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), including peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acids (LTA), S-layer protein A (SlpA), exopolysaccharides (EPS), and genomic DNA which can be recognized by certain pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Peptidoglycan and LTA interact with TLR2. Moreover, specific components of peptidoglycan, such as meso-DAP and MDP, are recognized by NOD1 and NOD2, respectively. The EPSs of L. delbrueckii TUA4408L, act as TLR2 and TLR4 ligands to exert anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1. On the apical side of IECs, CpG-DNA stimulated TLR9 interacts with MYD88 and the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) complexes, which may induced IL-10 expression. Binding of SlpA to the DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specificICAM3-grabbing non integrin) receptor can induce IL-10 production in DCs and development of T cells. IEC, intestinal epithelial cell; DC, dendritic cell; Treg, T regulatory cell; Th, T helper cell; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattranctant protein-1.