Table 1.
Probiotic effects of paraprobiotics and postbiotics in Lactobacilli.
Probiotic effects | Paraprobiotics/postbiotics | Model | References |
---|---|---|---|
Immunomodulatory effects | Peptidoglycan | Mice | (39) |
Teichoic acid | Porcine intestinal epithelial cell line | (7) | |
Cell-wall polysaccharides Exopolysaccharides S-layer proteins |
Mice and human cell lines Human cell lines Mice, 3T3 cells, Mouse cells |
(40–42) (8, 43) (39, 44, 45) |
|
Pili proteins | Human cell, Murine cell lines | (46–48) | |
Oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) | Human cell lines | (49) | |
Pyroglutamic acid dipeptides | Mouse cell lines | (50) | |
Serine-Threonine peptide | Human cell lines | (51) | |
Bacteriocins | Human and Mouse cell lines | (52–54) | |
Short chain fatty acids | Mouse cell lines | (55); (56) |
|
Trp-Indole derivatives | Mouse cell | (57, 58) | |
Conjugated linoleic acids | Human epithelium cell lines | (59) | |
Antagonistic effects against pathogens | Cyclic dipeptides | Human cells | (60) |
Bacteriocins | Human, Mouse cells | (61); (62) |
|
Conjugated linoleic acids | Human epithelium cell lines | (59) | |
Anti-tumor effects | Exopolysaccharides | Human colon cancer HT-29 cell | (63, 64) |
Conjugated linoleic acid S-layer proteins |
Human epithelium cell lines, human prostate cancer cell line Human HT-29 cell line |
(65); (66) (67); (68) |
|
Preservation of intestinal barrier | LPXTG proteins | Human HT-29 cell line | (69) |
S-layer proteins | Human HT-29 cell line | (70) | |
Moonlighting proteins | Human intestinal cell lines | (71) | |
Pili proteins | Caco-2 cell line | (46, 72) | |
Aggregation-promoting factor | Caco-2 epithelial cell lines | (73) | |
p40 and p75 proteins | Mouse cell lines | (74, 75) |