TABLE 1.
Summary Statistics
| Variable | Percentage/Mean | SD | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variable | ||||
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) ≥ 13 (1: EPDS ≥ 13, 0: EPDS < 13) | 17.0% | 0.38 | 0 | 1 |
| Anhedonia | 0.72 | 1.11 | 0 | 6 |
| Anxiety | 3.68 | 2.28 | 0 | 9 |
| Depression | 1.82 | 2.05 | 0 | 9 |
| Independent Variables | ||||
| COVID-19-related variables | ||||
| Experiences during COVID-19 | ||||
| Changes of place of delivery (1: Yes, 0: No) | 7.8% | 0.27 | 0 | 1 |
| Cancellation of parenting classes (1: Yes, 0: No) | 79.3% | 0.40 | 0 | 1 |
| Prohibition of visitors at hospitals (before and after the delivery) (1: Yes, 0: No) | 70.0% | 0.46 | 0 | 1 |
| Prohibition of an entry of a partner into delivery room (1: Yes, 0: No) | 63.5% | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
| Cancellation of planned informal support (1: Yes, 0: No) | 12.6% | 0.33 | 0 | 1 |
| Cancellation of planned formal support (1: Yes, 0: No) | 10.0% | 0.30 | 0 | 1 |
| Lifestyle changes with a partner working from home (1: Yes, 0: No) | 20.0% | 0.40 | 0 | 1 |
| Perceived risk (COVID-19 related): How respondents think they will be directly affected by following things in the next 6 months. | ||||
| Financial difficulties (1: Not at all likely – 7: Very likely) | 3.86 | 1.90 | 1 | 7 |
| COVID-19 infection (1: Not at all likely – 7: Very likely) | 4.09 | 1.55 | 1 | 7 |
| Not receiving formal childcare support (1: Not at all likely – 7: Very likely) | 4.39 | 1.84 | 1 | 7 |
| Not receiving informal childcare support (1: Not at all likely – 7: Very likely) | 3.40 | 1.93 | 1 | 7 |
| Place of residence: Mothers were grouped into the following categories based on the day the state of emergency ended. The longest duration was Tokyo/Kanagawa/Saitama/Chiba followed by Hokkaido, Osaka/Kyoto/Hyogo, and Aichi/Fukuoka. | ||||
| Tokyo/Kanagawa/Saitama/Chiba (1: Tokyo/Kanagawa/Saitama/Chiba, 0: Other) | 35.23% | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
| Osaka/Kyoto/Hyogo (1: Osaka/Kyoto/Hyogo, 0: Other) | 16.77% | 0.37 | 0 | 1 |
| Aichi/Fukuoka (1: Aichi/Fukuoka, 0: Other) | 12.27% | 0.33 | 0 | 1 |
| Hokkaido (1: Hokkaido, 0: Other) | 3.10% | 0.17 | 0 | 1 |
| Other prefectures (1: Other prefectures, 0: Other) | 32.64% | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
| Respondents’ sociodemographic, socioeconomic information. | ||||
| Age of the respondents (mother’s age) | ||||
| Age < 25 years (1: age < 25 years, 0: Other) | 5.35% | 0.23 | 0 | 1 |
| Age 25-29 years (1: 25 years ≤ age < 30, 0: Other) | 29.21% | 0.45 | 0 | 1 |
| Age 30-34 years (1: 30 years ≤ age < 35, 0: Other) | 37.20% | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
| Age ≥ 35 years (1: age ≥ 35 years, 0: Other) | 28.25% | 0.45 | 0 | 1 |
| Nulliparous (1: Nulliparous, 0: Primiparous or multiparous) | 65.17% | 0.48 | 0 | 1 |
| Pregnancy stage | ||||
| First trimester | 13.22% | 0.34 | 0 | 1 |
| Second trimester | 41.70% | 0.49 | 0 | 1 |
| Third trimester | 45.08% | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
| Number of children | 0.5273 | 0.93 | 0 | 9 |
| Household annual total income including tax | ||||
| Lower income group (1: < 5 million yen 0: ≥ 5 million yen) | ||||
| 44.46% | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| Working/full-time housewife status | ||||
| Full-time employed worker (1: Full-time employed worker, 0: Other) | 48.68% | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
| Full-time housewife/student (1: Full-time housewife/student, 0: Other) | 27.07% | 0.44 | 0 | 1 |
| Working for family business/freelancer (1: Working for family business/freelancer, 0: Other) | 2.98% | 0.17 | 0 | 1 |
| Contracted/part-time employed worker (1: Contracted/part-time employed worker, 0: Other) | 19.75% | 0.40 | 0 | 1 |
| Unemployed (under job search) (1: Unemployed, 0: Other) | 1.52% | 0.12 | 0 | 1 |
| Highest educational attainment | ||||
| Educational attainment less than 16 years (1: < 16 years, 0: ≥ 16 years) | 19.30% | 0.39 | 0 | 1 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married (1: Married, 0: Other) | 96.40% | 0.19 | 0 | 1 |
| Unmarried (1: Unmarried, 0: Other) | 2.76% | 0.16 | 0 | 1 |
| Divorced/widowed (1: Divorced/widowed, 0: Other) | 0.84% | 0.09 | 0 | 1 |
| Number of family members who have been involved in childcare on a daily basis in the past 2 months (we have specified the period as the past 2 months since it was the time that most people have faced closure of childcare support center/nursery/kindergarten) | 2.08 | 1.79 | 0 | 11 |
n = 1777