Table 2.

Comparison of the current study with reported methods for detection of Pb²⁺.

Responsive technique	Sensor	Limit of detection (M)	Synthetic approach	References
UV-Visible and Colorimetry	Gold nanoparticles	5.0 × 10−7	Chemical method	Wei et al., 2008
UV-Visible and Colorimetry	Schiff base sensor	5.4 × 10−6	Chemical method	Wang et al., 2018
UV-visible and fluorescence	Quinoline–coumarin based sensor	5.0 × 10−7	Chemical method	Meng et al., 2018
Voltammetry	Bismuth oxycarbide/nafion electrode	3.5 × 10−6	Chemical method	Zhang et al., 2020
Colorimetric and UV-visible spectroscopy	Bistorta amplexicaulis stabilized AgNPs	2.0 × 10−7	Green approach	Current study