Table 1. Specific forms of chronic liver disease and the features of sleep disturbance that patients most frequently suffer from. Potential specific treatments for sleep disturbance under investigation are also provided, although the evidence base supporting these is of mixed quality.

Condition	Features of sleep disturbance	Potential specific treatment
Cirrhosis	Insomnia	Lactulose
	Short sleep duration	Rifaximin
	Decreased sleep efficiency	Hydroxyzine
	Increased sleep latency	Zolpidem
	Reduced time spent in REM sleep
	Frequent nocturnal awakening
	Excessive periodic limb movements
	Excessive daytime sleepiness
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	Obstructive sleep apnoea	Continuous positive airway pressure therapy
	Insomnia
	Restless leg syndrome
Chronic hepatitis C infection	Decreased sleep efficiency	Antiviral agents
	Increased sleep latency
	Disturbance due to immunotherapy
Primary biliary cholangitis	Excessive daytime sleepiness	Modafinil
	Fatigue	Naltrexone
		Hydroxyzine
		Morning bright light therapy
Wilson’s disease	Insomnia	None available
	Frequent nocturnal awakening
	Reduced time spent in REM sleep
	Excessive daytime sleepiness
	Fatigue
Liver transplantation	Restless leg syndrome	None available
	Fatigue