Table 3.

Applications of the 22 ingredients of XFG in traditional Chinese medicine.

Chinese names of ingredients	Primary TCM efficacy (Zhang, 2018)	Effective chemical components	Pharmacological effects
Ginseng radix et rhizoma	Tonifying Qi	Ginsenosides Panaxan	Enhance immune function (Ko and Joo, 2010; Wang et al., 2013) Anti-microbial (Kim and Yang, 2018). Anti-inflammatory (Park et al., 2004; Jung et al., 2010)
Poria	Inducing diuresis to alleviate edema	Pachymaran Pachymic acid	Enhance immune function (Yu and Tseng, 1996) Anti-inflammatory (Giner et al., 2000; Prieto et al., 2003)
Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma	Qi-tonifying and spleen fortifying	Atractylon, Atractylol, Atractylenolide	Enhance immune function (Li et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2012) Anti-microbial (Cheng et al., 2016) Anti-inflammatory (Bose and Kim, 2013; Zhang et al., 2015)
Citri reticulatae Pericarpium	Qi-regulating and spleen- fortifying, drying dampness and resolving phlegm	Volatile oil, Hesperidin, Nobiletin, Naringin	Anti-asthmatic activity (Shi et al., 2009; Fu et al., 2019) Anti-microbial (Casquete et al., 2015) Anti-inflammatory (Ha et al., 2012; Hagenlocher et al., 2016),
Rhei radix et rhizome	Removing accumulation with purgation heat-clearing, fire-purging and removing toxicity	Anthraquinones	Anti-microbial (Smolarz et al., 2013; Arokiyaraj et al., 2017; Khiveh et al., 2017; Keser et al., 2019)
Lycii cortex	Clearing deficiency-heat and cooling blood	Kukoamine A, Kukoamine B Lyciumin A, Lyciumin B	Neuroprotection (Hu et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016). Anti-inflammatory (Hadjipavlou-Litina et al., 2009; Zhang J. et al., 2014) Anti-microbial (Han et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2004)
Glehniae radix	Nourishing yin and lung	Polysaccharide, Coumarins	Enhance immune function (Liu et al., 2005) Anti-inflammatory (Huang et al., 2012)
Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome	Resolving phlegm and relieving cough	Glycyrrhizins, Flavonoids	Anti-asthmatic activity (Kim et al., 2017)
Artemisiae annuae herba	Clearing deficiency-heat and cooling blood	Artemisinin Volatile oil	Anti-inflammatory; Anti-microbial, Anti-malarial (Charlie-Silva and Fraceto, 2018; Efferth, 2018)
Ophiopogonis radix	Nourishing yin and moistening lung	Ophiopogonins	Enhance immune function (Lu et al., 2017), Anti-inflammatory (Guo et al., 2019)
Cinnamomic ramulus	Promoting sweating to releasing the flesh	Cinnamaldehyde	Anti-malarial (Friedman, 2017; Albano et al., 2019) Neuroprotection (Zheng et al., 2015)
Zingiberis rhizoma	Warming the middle and dispersing cold	Volatile oil Gingerol	Anti-asthmatic activity (Singh et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019) Anti-microbial (Lee et al., 2018)
Aconiti radix	Reviving yang for resuscitation	Aconitines	Anti-microbial (Xu W. et al., 2017)
Trichosanthis fructus	Clearing heat and washing away the phlegm	Tetradecanoic acid Fumaric acid, Succinic acid	Anti-asthmatic activity (Huang and Yao, 1984) Antitussive and expectorant effects (Ruan and Yue, 2004; Sun et al., 2012)
Farfarae flos	Resolving phlegm and relieving cough	Flavonoids, Tussilagone, Alkaloids	Antitussive and expectorant effects (Cheng et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018a; Li et al., 2018b)
Asteris radix et rhizome	Resolving phlegm and relieving cough	Shionones, Flavonoids Astersaponin	Antitussive and expectorant effects (Yang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2015) Lung-injury protection (Chen et al., 2019)
Mori cortex	Purging the lung to calm panting Inducing diuresis to alleviate edema	Mul-berin, Morusin, Cy-omorusin	Antitussive and expectorant effects (Wang et al., 2014) Anti-asthmatic activity (Kim et al., 2011; Sui et al., 2015)
Astragali radix	Qi-tonifying and yang- lifting	Astragaloside, Astragalus polysaccharide	Enhance immune function (Li et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2018) Lung-injury protection (Wang and Huang, 2014; Su et al., 2015; Qin et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2018)
Lycii fructus	Nourishing liver and kidney	Lycium barbarum polysaccharide	Enhance immune function (Zhang X. et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2019) Lung-injury protection (Chen et al., 2018; Zheng et al., 2019)
Arisaema cum Bile	Clearing heat and resolving phlegm	Bile acids	Defervescence (Chen et al., 2017) Anti-inflammatory (Ahn and Je, 2012)
Galli gigerii endothelium corneum	Removing stagnated food by regulating stomach	Gastric hormone, Pepsase, amylase	Improve digestion (Li et al., 2008; Xu X. P. et al., 2017)
Trionycis carapax	Nourishing and suppressing Yang; heat-clearing	Ossein, keratin Amino acids	Enhance immune function (Wang and Guan, 2010; Zhang et al., 2004)