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. 2020 Oct 22;11:587709. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.587709

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Copyright © 2020 Sutanto and Heijman.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effects of CQ and AZM on AP properties of human ventricular epicardium. (A) The AP and Ca²⁺ transient of non-treated, CQ 5 μM, AZM 20 μM, and combined groups with 1 Hz pacing (blue), 2 Hz pacing (red), or 2 Hz pacing with electrophysiological effects of maximal beta-adrenergic stimulation (green). The dashed vertical lines indicate the end of AP with 1 Hz pacing to provide a clearer depiction of the effects of increasing pacing rate and ISO on APD. (B) APD and RMP for different pacing rates in the four groups with and without simulated beta-adrenergic stimulation. AP, action potential; APD, action potential duration; Ctl, control; ISO, isoproterenol; RMP, resting membrane potential.