TABLE 4.

Global systolic function and blood pressure outcomes before and after spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) interventions.

	Timepoint				Model Results
	Pre scES	Post CV scES	Post Voluntary scES + CV scES	Post Stand scES + Voluntary scES + CV scES	Estimate (SE)	p-value
Ejection fraction, %	57 (2)	58 (2)	58 (2)	60 (2)	1 (0.4)	0.034
End diastolic volume, mL	89 (7)	97 (7)	95 (8)	96 (7)	3 (2.0)	0.192
End systolic volume, mL	38 (4)	42 (4)	40 (4)	41 (4)	1 (0.7)	0.216
Velocity time integral, cm	20 (2)	21 (2)	23 (2)	25 (2)	2 (0.4)	<0.001
Cardiac output, L/min	3.8 (0.6)	4.1 (0.6)	4.2 (0.6)	4.2 (0.6)	0.2 (0.1)	0.051
Stroke volume, mL	73 (12)	77 (12)	84 (12)	84 (12)	4.4 (1.5)	0.007
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	99 (10)	114 (12)	101 (11)	117 (11)	4 (3.1)	0.244
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	52 (5)	65 (6)	57 (6)	67 (6)	4 (1.7)	0.034
Heart rate, BPM	49 (3)	54 (3)	49 (4)	48 (4)	−1 (0.8)	0.378
s’ contraction velocity, cm/s	9 (0.9)	8 (0.8)	8 (0.8)	9 (0.8)	−0.2 (0.2)	0.409
Global circumferential strain, %	−21 (2)	−23 (2)	−23 (2)	−23 (2)	0.4 (0.4)	0.291
Global longitudinal strain, %	−25 (3)	−26 (3)	−26 (3)	−27 (3)	0.5 (0.3)	0.066

Data are the estimate (SE) of the echocardiography data obtained from individuals with spinal cord injury (n = 4) before and after scES and task-specific interventions. Measurements from each intervention are compared to pre scES measurements (*p < 0.05). Changes associated with the addition of each subsequent scES intervention are presented as the estimated change (SE) and p value. CV, cardiovascular; CV scES, scES targeted to normalize systolic blood pressure; Voluntary scES, scES targeted to facilitate voluntary movement of the trunk and lower extremities; Stand scES, scES targeted to facilitate independent, overground standing. Bolded values in the table correspond to p-values <0.05.