TABLE 5.
Diastolic function outcomes before and after spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) interventions.
| Timepoint | Model Results | |||||
| Pre scES | Post CV scES | Post Voluntary scES + CV scES | Post Stand scES + Voluntary scES + CV scES | Estimate (SE) | p-value | |
| Mitral valve peak E-wave velocity, cm/s | 80 (11) | 91 (9) | 89 (10) | 93 (10) | 3 (2.6) | 0.229 |
| Mitral valve peak A-wave velocity, cm/s | 51 (4) | 52 (5) | 54 (5) | 50 (5) | 0 (1.3) | 0.999 |
| E/A ratio | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.3) | 0.08 (0.1) | 0.370 |
| Mitral valve deceleration time, ms | 290 (24) | 229 (27) | 209 (24) | 192 (30) | −32 (11) | 0.012 |
| Mitral valve deceleration slope, cm*s–1 | 340 (50) | 498 (54) | 445 (50) | 519 (60) | 50 (25) | 0.048 |
| Isovolumic relaxation time, ms | 104 (5) | 104 (6) | 85 (5) | 89 (5) | −6 (1.9) | 0.008 |
| e’ relaxation velocity, cm/s | 13 (1) | 13 (1) | 12 (1) | 13 (1) | −0.1 (0.3) | 0.728 |
| E/e’ ratio | 7.0 (1) | 6.7 (1) | 7.5 (1) | 7.5 (1) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.213 |
| Left atrial filling pressure, mmHg | 11 (1) | 11 (1) | 11 (1) | 11 (1) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.239 |
Data are the estimate (SE) of the echocardiography data obtained from individuals with spinal cord injury (n = 4) before and after scES and task-specific interventions. Measurements from each intervention are compared to pre scES measurements (*p < 0.05). Changes associated with the addition of each subsequent scES intervention are presented as the estimated change (SE) and p value. CV, cardiovascular; CV scES, scES targeted to normalize systolic blood pressure; Voluntary scES, scES targeted to facilitate voluntary movement of the trunk and lower extremities; Stand scES, scES targeted to facilitate independent, overground standing. Bolded values in the table correspond to p-values <0.05.