Table 1.
Anticancer drugs that inhibit autophagy used in combination with chemotherapy.
| Autophagy inhibitor | Function | Tumor type | Chemotherapeutic | (Pre-) clinical phase | NCT number | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloroquine | Inhibits acidification of lysosome and autophagosome-lysosome formation | Glioblastoma, Gliosarcoma | Temozolomide | I | NCT04397679 | – |
| Glioma, Gliomatosis Cerebri | Temozolomide | III | NCT03243461 | – | ||
| Glioblastoma, Astrocytoma | Temozolomide | II | NCT02432417 | – | ||
| Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | I | NCT02378532 | – | ||
| Solid Tumors | Carboplatin, Gemcitabine | I | NCT02071537 | – | ||
| Pancreatic Cancer | Gemcitabine | I | NCT01777477 | (227) | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | Cyclophosphamide | II | NCT01438177 | – | ||
| Glioblastoma | Not specified | III | NCT00224978 | (228) | ||
| Hydroxy Chloroquine | Inhibits acidification of lysosome and autophagosome-lysosome formation | Osteosarcoma | Docetaxel, Gemcitabine | I/II | NCT03598595 | – |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Gemcitabine, Nab-Paclitaxel | II | NCT03344172 | – | ||
| Small Cell Lung Cancer | Gemcitabine, Carboplatin | II | NCT02722369 | – | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | Mitoxantrone, Etoposide | I | NCT02631252 | – | ||
| Pancreatic Cancer | Gemcitabine, Abraxane | II | NCT01978184 | – | ||
| Multiple Myeloma | Cyclophosphamide | I | NCT01689987 | – | ||
| Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Paclitaxel, Carboplatin | II | NCT01649947 | – | ||
| Pancreatic Cancer | Gemcitabine, Nab-Paclitaxel | I/II | NCT01506973 | (229) | ||
| Pancreatic Cancer | Capecitabine and Radiation | II | NCT01494155 | – | ||
| Colorectal Cancer | Oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil | I/II | NCT01206530 | – | ||
| Pancreatic Cancer | Gemcitabine | I/II | NCT01128296 | (230) | ||
| Colorectal Cancer | Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin | II | NCT01006369 | – | ||
| Prostate Cancer | Docetaxel | II | NCT00786682 | – | ||
| Breast Cancer | Ixabepilone | I/II | NCT00765765 | – | ||
| Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Carboplatin, Paclitaxel | I/II | NCT00728845 | – | ||
| Solid Tumors | Temozolomide | I | NCT00714181 | – | ||
| Glioblastoma | Temozolomide | I/II | NCT00486603 | (231) | ||
| Wortmannin | Inhibits PI3KC3 complex and autophagosome formation. | Lung cancer, Prostate cancer | Docetaxel | Pre-clinical | NA | (232) |
| Ovarian cancer | Cisplatin | Pre-clinical | NA | (233) | ||
| 3-Methyl Adenine (3-MA) | Inhibits PI3KC3 complex and autophagosome formation. | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Camptothecin | Pre-clinical | NA | (234) |
| Colon cancer | Oxaliplatin | Pre-clinical | NA | (235) | ||
| Spautin-1 | Enhances Beclin1 ubiquitination and prevent PI3KC3 complex formation | Melanoma | Cisplatin | Pre-clinical | NA | (236) |
| Osteosarcoma cells | Doxorubicin | Pre-clinical | NA | (237) | ||
| LY294002 | Inhibits PI3KC3 complex and autophagosome formation. | Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma | 5-fluorouracil | Pre-clinical | NA | (238) |
| Resveratrol | Regulates S6K1, inhibit ROS/ERK pathway | Glioma | Temozolomide | Pre-clinical | NA | (197) |
| Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma | Doxorubicin | Pre-clinical | NA | (239) | ||
| 4-Acetylantroquinonol B | Downregulation of ATG-7 and ATG-5 | Ovarian cancer | Cisplatin | Pre-clinical | NA | (240) |
(–) information available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, NA: Not Apply.