Table 1. Baseline Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics in All Patients (N = 492).
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | LVESVi, mL/m2 | |||
| ≤45 (n = 328) | >45 (n = 164) | |||
| Age, y | 60 (17) | 62 (16) | 55 (18) | <.001 |
| Women | 67 (14) | 55 (17) | 12 (7) | .002 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 131 (20) | 130 (19) | 133 (22) | .22 |
| Diastolic | 66 (13) | 66 (12) | 65 (14) | .17 |
| Resting heart rate, beats/min | 61 (11) | 61 (11) | 62 (10) | .44 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 2.00 (0.23) | 2.00 (0.23) | 2.02 (0.21) | .33 |
| Medical history, No. (%) (n = 491) | ||||
| Hypertension | 228 (46) | 157 (48) | 71 (43) | .30 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 60 (12) | 39 (12) | 21 (13) | .78 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 202 (41) | 151 (46) | 51 (31) | .001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 23 (5) | 12 (4) | 11 (7) | .14 |
| Prior coronary artery bypass grafting | 11 (2) | 7 (2) | 4 (2) | .83 |
| Coronary artery disease | 41 (9) | 24 (7) | 17 (10) | .26 |
| Atrial fibrillation at time of echo | 14 (3) | 11 (3) | 3 (2) | .31 |
| Chronic kidney disease ≥stage 3 | 26 (5) | 12 (4) | 14 (9) | .03 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1 (0.6) | 1.09 (0.42) | 1.32 (0.85) | .004 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0.95 (1.16) | 0.96 (1.13) | 0.93 (1.23) | .83 |
| Echo parameters, No. (%) | ||||
| Bicuspid aortic valve | 181 (37) | 113 (35) | 67 (41) | .17 |
| Linear measurements | ||||
| Linear LVEF, %a | 60 (7) | 62 (5) | 56 (9) | <.001 |
| <50, No. (%) | 39 (8) | 6 (2) | 33 (20) | <.001 |
| LVESD, mm | 39 (6) | 37 (4) | 43 (5) | <.001 |
| >50, No. (%) | 20 (4) | 1 (<1) | 19 (12) | <.001 |
| LVESDi, mm/m2 | 19.8 (3.2) | 18.8 (2.6) | 21.7 (3.5) | <.001 |
| >25, No. (%) | 23 (5) | 4 (1) | 19 (12) | <.001 |
| LVEDD, mm | 60 (6) | 58 (5) | 63 (5) | <.001 |
| >65, No. (%) | 71 (14) | 23 (7) | 48 (29) | <.001 |
| Volumetric measurements, No. (%) | ||||
| LVEDV, mL | 201 (57 | 175 (41 | 253 (48 | <.001 |
| LVEDVi, mL/m2 | 100 (26) | 87 (18) | 125 (21) | <.001 |
| LVESV, mL | 82 (31) | 66 (18) | 115 (24) | NA |
| LVESVi, mL/m2 | 41 (15) | 33 (8) | 57 (12) | NA |
| Volume-derived LVEF, %a | 60 (7) | 62 (6) | 54 (7) | <.001 |
| Left atrial volume index, mL/m2 (n = 471) | 39 (13) | 38 (13) | 41 (14) | .03 |
| LV mass index, mL/m2 (n = 457) | 137 (34) | 128 (29) | 155 (36) | <.001 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation velocity >2.8 m/s, No. (%) | 39 (8) | 24 (7) | 15 (9) | .48 |
| E velocity, m/s (n = 469) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | .89 |
| E/e’ (n = 461) | 11 (5) | 11 (4) | 11 (5) | .82 |
| Aortic annulus, mm (n = 491) | 26 (3) | 25 (3) | 27 (3) | <.001 |
| Sinus of Valsalva, mm (n = 472) | 40 (6) | 40 (5) | 41 (6) | .49 |
| Mid-ascending aorta, mm (n = 446) | 40 (6) | 40 (6) | 40 (6) | .83 |
| Aortic regurgitation quantification | ||||
| Regurgitant volume, mL (n = 436) | 68 (23) | 66 (19) | 74 (28) | <.001 |
| EROA, mm2 (n = 408) | 27 (9) | 26 (9) | 30 (10) | <.001 |
| TVI of reversed flow in descending aorta, cm (n = 431) | 14.2 (4.2) | 13.3 (3.7) | 15.9 (4.5) | <.001 |
| Vena contracta, mm (n = 326) | 5.9 (1.5) | 5.8 (1.5) | 6.1 (1.6) | .05 |
| Aortic regurgitation severity (severe) | 245 (50) | 137 (42) | 108 (66) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: E/e’, early mitral diastolic velocity to mitral annulus tissue velocity; EROA, effective regurgitant orifice area; i, index; LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; NA, not applicable; TVI, time-velocity integral.
SI conversion factor: To convert creatinine to µmol/L, multiply by 88.4.
a
Linear LVEF <55% and volume-derived LVEF <55% were in 80 patients (16%) and 109 patients (22%), respectively.