Table 2:
Characteristics of F1 offspring in response to maternal, paternal and maternal + paternal exercise.
| Author/year (PMID) | Offspring Gender | Species (strain) | Maternal Exercise | Paternal Exercise | Offspring Age | Offspring BW | Offspring Glucose Metabolism | Tissue (response) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carter et al, 2012 (22932781) | Male and Female | Mouse (ICR) | VWR: 7 days before & pregnancy & 14 days during lactation * | - | Adult | No change | Improved | Females: Soleus (↑ glucose uptake) Adipose tissue (↑ glucose uptake) |
| Carter et al, 2013 (23247711) | Female | Rat (Sprague Dawley) | VWR: 7–10 days before & during pregnancy & 12 days during lactation * | - | Adult | Decreased | Improved | Skeletal Muscle (↑ glucose uptake) Heart (↓ glucose uptake) Liver (↓ glucose production) |
| Laker et al, 2014 (24430439) | Female | Mouse (C57BL/6) | VWR: 6 wks before & during pregnancy | - | Adult | No change | Improved | Skeletal Muscle (↓ Pgc1α promoter methylation) |
| Stanford et al, 2015 (25204976) | Male | Mouse (C57BL/6) | VWR: 2 wks before & during pregnancy | - | Adult | Decreased | Improved | Skeletal Muscle (↔ glucose uptake) |
| Quiclet et al, 2016 (27382034) | Male | Rat (Wistar) | Treadmill: 4wks before & first 18 days of pregnancy (submaximal exercise, 5 days/wk) | - | Adult | No change | Worsened | Skeletal Muscle (↓ PKB signaling) Pancreas (↓ secretory capacity) |
| Eclarinal et al, 2016 (27033262) | Male and Female | Mouse (C57BL/6) | VWR: 1 wk before & during pregnancy and 10 days postnatal # | - | Adult | No change | - | ↑ Physical Activity |
| Stanford et al, 2017 (28572303) | Female | Mouse (C57BL/6) | VWR: 2 wks before & during pregnancy | - | Adult | No change | Improved | Liver (↓ glucose production) |
| Quiclet et al, 2017 (28971475) | Male | Rat (Wistar) | Treadmill: 4 wks before & first 18 days of pregnancy (55% VO2 max, 5 days/wk) | - | Young adult | Decreased | Improved | Skeletal Muscle (↓ PKB signaling) |
| Son et al, 2020 (32494609) | Male and Female | Mouse (C57BL/6) | Treadmill: 1 wk before (10min at 10m/min, 3×/wk) & E1.5 to E20.5 of pregnancy (10–14m/min for 40 min daily) | - | Young | Decreased in females. No change in males. |
Improved | BAT (↑ BAT function by ↓ Prdm16 promoter methylation) |
| Falcao-Tebas et al, 2020 (32539156) | Female | Rat (Sprague Dawley) | Treadmill: 4 wks before and until day 19 of pregnancy (60–76% VO2 max before pregnancy and 50–65% VO2 max during pregnancy, frequency not stated) | - | Adult | No change | No change | Skeletal Muscle (↑ insulin-stimulated glucose uptake) Pancreas (↑ beta cell mass and number of islets, and ↑ insulin secretion) |
| Zheng et al, 2020 (32111717) | Male | Mouse (C57BL/6) | VWR: 2 wks before & during pregnancy | - | Adult | No change | Improved | Pancreas (↓ beta cell size) |
| Zheng et al, 2020 (32111717) | Male | Mouse (C57BL/6) | VWR: 2 wks before & during pregnancy | VWR: 3wks before mating | Adult | Decreased | Greater improvement | Pancreas (↓ beta cell size and mass, and islet size) |
| Zheng et al, 2020 (32111717) | Male | Mouse (C57BL/6) | - | VWR: 3wks before mating | Adult | No change | Improved | Pancreas (↓ beta cell size) |
| Stanford et al, 2018 (30344184) | Male and Female | Mouse (C57BL/6) | - | VWR: 3wks before mating | Adult | No change | Improved | Skeletal Muscle (↑ glucose uptake) |
| McPherson et al, 2017 (28208792) | Male | Mouse (C57BL/6NHsd) | - | Swimming: 9 wks before mating (3 × 30 min session/wk) | Adult | No change | Improved | Pancreas (↑ islet cell number and alters pancreatic microRNAs) |
| Murashov et al, 2016 (26506979) | Male and Female | Mouse (C57BL/6) | - | VWR: 12wks before mating | Young adult | Increased | Worsened | Skeletal Muscle (altered metabolic gene expression) |
| McPherson et al, 2015 (25690453) | Female | Mouse (C57BL/6) | - | Swimming: 9 wks before mating (3 × 30 min session/wk) | Adult | No change | Improved | - |
VWR: voluntary wheel running. Pgc1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha. PKB: protein kinase B. BAT: Brown Adipose Tissue. Prdm16: PR-domain containing 16.
*
Males performed exercise during bleeding period (10 days).
#
Males performed exercise during breeding period (1–4 days).
Pink shading indicates maternal exercise; Blue shading paternal exercise; Purple shading maternal and paternal exercise.