. 2020 Nov 4;10:19014. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75800-4

Table 2.

The effects of baseline constipation and RBDSQ on cognitive outcomes over 5 years.

Clinical scores at baseline	Neuropsychological tests
	MoCA ¹		SDMT ²		LNS ²		Semantic fluency ¹		JLO ¹		HVLT-R discrimination recognition ²		HVLT-R immediate recall ²		HVLT-R delayed recall ²		HVLT-R retention ¹
	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p
Constipation score
Overall	− 0.76 (− 1.54, 0.03)	0.06	0.69 (− 1.82, 3.2)	0.59	0.09 (− 0.59, 0.77)	0.79	− 1.63 (− 4.64, 1.39)	0.29	− 0.15 (− 0.81, 0.51)	0.65	− 0.02 (− 0.68, 0.63)	0.95	0.84 (− 0.85, 2.52)	0.32	0.1 (− 0.72, 0.92)	0.80	− 0.04 (− 0.17, 0.1)	0.57
Male	− 0.74 (− 1.75, 0.27)	0.15	4.3 (0.6, 7.99)	0.02	0.94 (− 0.04, 1.92)	0.06	− 4.06 (− 8.53, 0.41)	0.08	− 0.61 (− 1.51, 0.30)	0.19	− 0.71 (− 1.48, 0.05)	0.07	0.09 (− 1.97, 2.15)	0.93	− 0.56 (− 1.58, 0.46)	0.28	− 0.1 (− 0.25, 0.05)	0.20
Female	− 0.7 (− 1.72, 0.31)	0.17	− 1.17 (− 4.48, 2.15)	0.49	− 0.34 (− 1.27, 0.59)	0.47	0.48 (− 3.73. 4.69)	0.82	0.22 (− 0.58, 1.03)	0.59	0.69 (− 0.13, 1.52)	0.10	2.39 (0.32, 4.47)	0.02	1.06 (0.08, 2.04)	0.03	0.005 (− 0.14, 0.15)	0.95
RBDSQ
Overall	− 1.01 (− 1.93, 0.1)	0.03	0.88 (− 2.19, 3.95)	0.58	0.83 (− 1.66, − 0.01)	0.05	− 0.53 (− 4.22, 3.16)	0.78	− 0.4 (− 1.16, 0.37)	0.31	− 0.19 (− 0.92, 0.53)	0.60	0.79 (− 1.13, 2.71)	0.42	0.42 (− 0.53, 1.37)	0.38	− 0.09 (− 0.23, 0.05)	0.23
Male	− 0.97 (− 2.13, 0.17)	0.09	5.59 (1.38, 9.81)	0.009	− 0.08 (− 1.19, 1.04)	0.89	− 0.87 (− 5.95, 4.21)	0.74	− 0.88 (− 1.88, 0.12)	0.09	− 0.7 (− 1.55, 0.05)	0.10	1.49 (− 0.82, 3.8)	0.21	0.39 (− 0.77, 1.54)	0.51	− 0.19 (− 0.35, − 0.03	0.02
Female	− 1.11 (− 2.48, 0.27)	0.11	− 4.2 (− 8.78, 0.37)	0.07	− 1.39 (− 2.68, − 0.11)	0.03	− 2.82 (− 8.62, 2.98)	0.34	0.07 (− 1.04, 1.17)	0.90	0.17 (− 0.83, 1.17)	0.74	− 0.43 (− 3.18, 2.33)	0.76	0.15 (− 1.2, 1.49)	0.83	0.05 (− 0.14, 0.25)	0.59
Constipation*RBDSQ
Overall	− 0.02 (− 1.07, 1.02)	0.96	− 5.55 (− 8.8, − 2.3)	0.001	− 0.002 (− 0.88, 0.88)	1.00	− 1.42 (− 5.33, 2.5)	0.48	− 0.13 (− 1.01, 0.74)	0.76	− 0.12 (− 1.01, 0.78)	0.80	− 2.36 (− 4.63, − 0.1)	0.04	− 0.98 (− 2.08, 0.11)	0.08	0.13 (− 0.05, 0.31)	0.15
Male	− 0.28 (− 1.49, 0.94)	0.66	− 9.53 (− 13.98, − 5.08)	< 0.001	− 0.91 (− 2.1, 0.28)	0.13	− 1.19 (− 6.61, 4.24)	0.67	0.26 (− 0.87, 1.4)	0.65	0.56 (− 0.4, 1.52)	0.25	− 2.38 (− 4.93, 0.17)	0.07	− 0.67 (− 1.92, 0.58)	0.29	0.25 (0.05, 0.44)	0.02
Female	0.34 (− 1.15, 1.83)	0.65	− 1.23 (− 6.09, 3.64)	0.62	0.84 (− 0.53, 2.2)	0.23	1.1 (− 5.07, 7.25)	0.73	− 0.49 (− 1.66, 0.69)	0.42	− 0.7 (− 1.9, 0.49)	0.24	− 2.00 (− 5.02, 1.03)	0.19	− 1.09 (− 2.53, 0.34)	0.14	− 0.02 (− 0.24, 0.19)	0.83

The effects of constipation and RBDSQ on cognitive outcomes over 5 years in PD subjects were analysed using linear mixed-effects modelling adjusted for 1: age and LEDD; 2: age, years of education and LEDD based on gender and adjusted for gender when analysing the overall cohort. In each model, presence/absence of constipation, RBDSQ, constipation*RBDSQ interactive term are the independent variables whereas the neuropsychological test scores are the dependent variables.

β, β-coefficient (95% CI); HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; JLO, Benton Judgement of Line Orientation; LEDD, Levodopa equivalent daily dose; LNS, Letter Number Sequencing; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RBDSQ, Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder questionnaire; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test.