Table:

Select studies using eHealth and mHealth interventions in cancer care

	Study design	Study population	Intervention or treatment	Control condition	Intervention duration	Follow-up duration	Key outcomes
Using eHealth to link PROs with clinical cancer care
Judson et al (2013)¹²	Feasibility study	286 patients with lung, gynaecological, breast, and genitourinary cancers (all stages) receiving chemotherapy	eHealth platform for collecting weekly PRO data (eg, symptoms and the toxic effects of treatment)	NA	214 weeks	214 weeks	Monthly compliance with eHealth PRO assessments was high, but weekly compliance was low; compliance was greatest during the initial 12 weeks
Girgis et al (2017)¹³	Feasibility study	35 patients with cancer (all stages) either currently receiving or soon to be receiving cancer treatment	eHealth platform for collecting PRO data	NA	3 months	3 months	eHealth PRO assessments were acceptable and feasible, with most patients willing to participate
Bae et al (2018)¹⁴	Feasibility study	101 patients with cancer (all stages) undergoing treatment with chemotherapy	mHealth application for collecting daily PRO data during chemotherapy	NA	4 weeks	4 weeks	Daily mHealth PRO assessments were feasible and accessible during chemotherapy
Hauth et al (2019)¹⁵	Feasibility study	21 patients with cancer (all stages) undergoing radiotherapy	mHealth application for collecting PRO data during and after radiotherapy	NA	5 weeks	5 weeks	mHealth PRO assessments were feasible and acceptable during radiotherapy
Klagholz and colleagues¹⁶ (2018)	Feasibility study	129 cancer caregivers	eHealth platform for collecting PRO data	NA	6 months	6 months	eHealth PRO assessments were acceptable and feasible for cancer caregivers
Basch et al (2016)¹⁷ and Basch et al (2017)¹⁸	Randomised controlled trial	766 patients with advanced solid tumour malignancies undergoing treatment with chemotherapy	eHealth platform for collecting PRO data between clinical visits, including alerts for physicians and nurses in the case of severe or worsening symptoms	Usual care	49 months	49 months	Patients in the intervention group reported improved HRQOL, had less frequent hospital admissions, and remained on chemotherapy longer; these patients also had longer quality-adjusted survival
Denis et al (2017)¹⁹	Randomised controlled trial	133 patients with advanced stage lung cancer	eHealth platform for collecting weekly PRO data, including alerts to physicians in the case of severe or worsening symptoms	Usual care	12 months	12 months	Patients in the intervention group had longer overall survival
Nixon et al (2018)²⁰	Markov model to investigate cost-effectiveness	Patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumours receiving systemic therapy	eHealth platform for collecting PRO data	Usual care	N/A	N/A	eHealth PRO assessments were considered good value for improving quality-adjusted life years relative to financial cost
Lizee et al (2019)²¹	Medico-economic analysis to investigate cost-effectiveness	Patients with advanced stage lung cancer	eHealth platform for collecting weekly PRO data	Usual care	N/A	N/A	eHealth PRO assessments reduced follow-up costs
Wagner et al (2015)²²	Implementation study	636 patients receiving gynaecological oncology outpatient care	HIT-integrated platform for collecting PRO data, including alerts to clinicians for severe symptoms	NA	27 months	27 months	Approximately 50% of patients completed the initial assessment; HIT-integrated PRO data collection facilitated referrals to psychosocial and supportive care
Garcia et al (2019)²³	Implementation study	6825 oncology patients	HIT-integrated platform for collecting PRO data, including alerts to clinicians for severe symptoms	NA	31 months	31 months	Approximately 50% of patients completed at least two assessments; HIT-integrated PRO data collection facilitated referrals to psychosocial and supportive care
eHealth for managing symptom burden in patients with cancer
Somers et al (2015)²⁴	Feasibility study	25 patients with breast, lung, prostate, or colorectal cancer who reported persistent pain	mHealth pain coping skills training	NA	4 weeks	5 weeks	The mHealth pain intervention was feasible and acceptable to patients with cancer with persistent pain
Somers et al (2016)²⁵	Randomised controlled trial	30 patients with breast, lung, prostate, or colorectal cancer who reported persistent pain	mHealth pain coping skills training	Traditional in-person pain coping skills training	4 weeks	9 weeks	The mHealth pain intervention was feasible and provided benefits similar to an in-person intervention
Kelleher et al (2019)²⁶	Randomised controlled trial	178 patients with breast, lung, prostate, or colorectal cancer who reported persistent pain	mHealth pain coping skills training	Traditional in-person pain coping skills training	4 weeks	3 months	The mHealth pain intervention had better feasibility and was non-inferior compared with an in-person intervention
Somers et al (2018)²⁷	Randomised controlled trial	68 patients with cancer and pain after haemopoietic stem cell transplant	mHealth pain coping skills training	Usual care	6 weeks	10 weeks	The mHealth pain intervention was feasible and acceptable to patients with cancer with pain following haemopoietic stem cell transplant
Jim et al (2020)²⁸	Randomised controlled trial	44 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors with severe fatigue	mHealth cognitive behavioural therapy for fatigue	Wait list^*	18 weeks	18 weeks	The mHealth fatigue intervention was feasible and acceptable with preliminary efficacy for improving fatigue and HRQOL
Wu et al (2018)²⁹	Randomised controlled trial	60 patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy	eHealth cognitive training	Usual care	8 weeks	8 weeks	The eHealth intervention was feasible, mostly acceptable, and associated with improved reaction time, but temporarily suppressed memory
Yanez et al (2015)³⁰	Randomised controlled trial	74 patients with advanced prostate cancer	eHealth cognitive behavioural stress management	eHealth health promotion attention-control group^†	10 weeks	6 months	The eHealth intervention was feasible, acceptable, and associated with decreased depressive symptoms and improved relaxation self-efficacy
Bouchard et al (2018)³¹	Randomised controlled trial	192 patients with advanced prostate cancer	eHealth cognitive behavioural stress management	eHealth health promotion attention-control group^†	10 weeks	12 months	Both eHealth conditions were feasible to black and non-Hispanic white men, and acceptability was higher for black men; black men in the intervention condition reported the greatest decreases in anxiety related to prostate cancer
Greer et al (2017)³²	Randomised controlled trial	145 patients with advanced cancers and elevated anxiety	mHealth cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety	mHealth health education application	12 weeks	12 weeks	Both mHealth conditions were related to improved anxiety, depression, and HRQOL; patients with high baseline anxiety in the intervention condition reported the greatest decreases in anxiety
eHealth in survivors of cancer after treatment
Willems et al (2017)³³	Randomised controlled trial	462 cancer survivors (all stages) who had completed treatment	eHealth program for managing psychosocial and lifestyle-related issues	Wait list	6 months	6 months	The eHealth intervention was associated with reduced depression and fatigue, and improved emotional and social functioning
Cockle-Hearne et al (2018)³⁴	Feasibility study	135 patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer and mild-to-moderate distress	eHealth cognitive behavioural therapy to decrease anxiety and distress	NA	4 weeks	4 weeks	The eHealth intervention was acceptable to patients and associated with decreased levels of distress and improved self-efficacy for coping
Kinner et al (2018)³⁵	Feasibility study	28 female survivors of ovarian cancer	eHealth psychosocial group intervention to improve mood, HRQOL, and perceived stress	NA	10 weeks	10 weeks	The eHealth intervention was highly usable and acceptable, with moderate feasibility, and was preliminarily associated with decreased perceived stress and improved ovarian cancer-specific HRQOL
Ritterband et al (2012)³⁶	Randomised controlled trial	28 survivors of cancer (all stages) with insomnia	eHealth cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia	Wait list	9 weeks	11 weeks	The eHealth intervention was associated with improved overall insomnia severity, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, soundness of sleep, and general fatigue, and feeling restored on awakening
Baseman et al (2017)³⁷	Feasibility Study	11 survivors of breast cancer (all stages) and their providers	mHealth survivorship care application	NA	One-time	NA	The mHealth intervention was feasible and acceptable for meeting survivorship care objectives and goals
Buscemi et al (2018)³⁸	Feasibility Study	25 Latina survivors of breast cancer (stage 0-IIIA)	mHealth application to reduce symptom burden and improve HRQOL	NA	4 weeks	4 weeks	The mHealth intervention was feasible and acceptable
Yanez et al (2019)³⁹	Randomised controlled trial	80 Latina survivors of breast cancer (stage 0-IIIA)	mHealth application to reduce symptom burden and improve HRQOL	mHealth application to promote healthy lifestyle	6 weeks	8 weeks	Both mHealth applications were feasible and acceptable, and were associated with temporary decreases in symptom burden and improved breast cancer wellbeing

PROs=patient-reported outcomes. HRQOL=health-related quality of life. HIT=health information technologies.

Patients in this group received treatment as usual until the study duration had ended (18 weeks). These patients were then offered the intervention in the treatment group.

^†

Participants randomly assigned to the control group participated in an eHealth group intervention designed to control for non-specific attention and group effects (ie, contact with a group facilitator and group support). The control group was not designed to improve the primary outcomes (HRQOL and symptom burden), but focused on health promotion topics such as recommendations for physical activity and healthy eating.