Table 3.
Factors associated with the presence of D. immitis, L. infantum, Anaplasma spp., and E. canis.
| Variables | D. immitis | L. infantum | Anaplasma spp. | E. canis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude ORs (CI 95%) | Adjusted ORs (IC 95%) | Crude ORs (CI 95%) | Adjusted ORs (IC 95%) | Crude ORs (CI 95%) | Adjusted ORs (IC 95%) | Crude ORs (CI 95%) | Adjusted ORs (IC 95%) | |
| Gender# | 1.33 (1.05–1.69)* | 1.43 (1.12–1.82)* | 1.43 (1.12–1.82) | 0.96 (0.79–1.18) | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 1.24 (0.93–1.66) | 1.33 (0.99–1.78) |
| Age | ||||||||
| <1 year | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1–5 years | 2.85 (1.14–7.07)* | 3.03 (1.21–7.59)* | 1.70 (0.97–3.00) | 2.07 (1.16–3.69)* | 1.62 (0.69–3.77) | 1.47 (0.62–3.46) | 2.97 (0.92–9.53) | 3.05 (0.94–9.86) |
| 5–10 years | 2.92 (1.18–7.25)* | 3.38 (1.35–8.43)* | 1.79 (1.02–3.14)* | 2.27 (1.28–4.05)* | 1.66 (0.71–3.87) | 1.67 (0.71–3.93) | 3.16 (0.98–10.12) | 3.37 (1.04–10.87)* |
| 10–15 years | 2.89 (1.14–7.30)* | 3.10 (1.21–7.88)* | 1.48 (0.82–2.65) | 1.62 (0.88–2.95) | 2.92 (1.25–6.81)* | 2.93 (1.24–6.93)* | 3.76 (1.15–12.19)* | 3.86 (1.17–12.66)* |
| >15 years | 2.06 (0.541–7.8) | 2.21 (0.57–8.57) | 1.28 (0.49–3.29) | 1.09 (0.41–2.91) | 0.83 (0.16–4.22) | 0.58 (0.11–3.05) | 4.39 (1.02–18.82)* | 4.21 (0.97–18.24) |
| Co–infection | ||||||||
| D. immitis | – | – | 1.60 (1.14–2.24)* | 1.26 (0.88–1.79) | 2.23 (1.48–3.36)˝ | 1.57 (1.01–2.41)* | 1.53 (0.93–2.52) | 1.14 (0.68–1.91) |
| L. infantum | 1.60 (1.14–2.24)* | 1.25 (0.87–1.78) | – | – | 2.63 (1.90–3.64)˝ | 1.82 (1.29–2.57)* | 2.29 (1.60–3.29)˝ | 1.59 (1.09–2.31)* |
| Anaplasma spp. | 2.23 (1.48–3.36)˝ | 1.64 (1.07–2.50)* | 2.63 (1.90–3.64)˝ | 1.79 (1.26–2.53)* | – | – | 3.85 (2.56–5.80)˝ | 2.65 (1.73–4.05)˝ |
| E. canis | 1.53 (0.93–2.52) | 1.13 (0.67–1.89) | 2.29 (1.60–3.29)˝ | 1.56 (1.07–2.29)* | 3.85 (2.56–5.80)˝ | 2.62 (1.71–4.01)˝ | – | – |
| Climate | ||||||||
| Bsk | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Cfb | 0.37 (0.19–0.70)* | 0.34 (0.14–0.77)* | 0.18 (0.12–0.29)˝ | 0.27 (0.15–0.48)˝ | 0.43 (0.24–0.76)* | 1.91 (0.82–4.47) | 1.00 (0.50–2.01) | 1.62 (0.63–4.14) |
| Csa | 0.74 (0.44–1.23) | 0.91 (0.49–1.70) | 0.49 (0.35–0.68)˝ | 0.74 (0.49–1.11) | 0.52 (0.32–0.84)* | 1.04 (0.59–1.85) | 1.05 (0.56–1.98) | 1.35 (0.64–2.84) |
| Csb | 0.76 (0.43–1.34) | 0.75 (0.35–1.64) | 0.16 (0.10–0.26)˝ | 0.25 (0.14–0.45)˝ | 0.27 (0.14–0.50)˝ | 1.12 (0.46–2.73) | 0.43 (0.19–0.94)* | 0.80 (0.29–2.20) |
| Subtr | 1.26 (0.72–2.19) | 1.54 (0.87–2.75) | 0.07 (0.04–0.14)˝ | 0.08 (0.04–0.15)˝ | 0.48 (0.27–0.86)* | 0.69 (0.37–1.26) | 0.37 (0.16–0.88)* | 0.47 (0.19–1.12) |
| Habitat | ||||||||
| Indoors | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Indoors/Outdoors | 4.13 (2.65–6.42)˝ | 4.14 (2.65–6.48)˝ | 2.52 (1.85–3.43)˝ | 2.43 (1.77–3.34)˝ | 6.25 (3.54–11.03)˝ | 5.44 (3.06–9.66)˝ | 0.12 (0.06–0.24)˝ | 8.28 (4.27–16.02)˝ |
| Outdoors | 5.51 (3.59–8.46)˝ | 5.48 (3.55–8.46)˝ | 4.17 (3.11–5.58)˝ | 3.76 (2.79–5.08)˝ | 8.02 (4.60–13.99)˝ | 6.76 (3.84–11.90)˝ | 1.19 (0.88–1.60) | 6.67 (3.43–12.98)˝ |
| Regions | ||||||||
| North | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Centre | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | 0.66 (0.44–1.00) | 1.79 (1.42–2.24)˝ | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) | 1.49 (1.07–2.08)* | 1.91 (1.09–3.35)* | 1.47 (1.06–2.03)* | 1.35 (0.81–2.23) |
| South | 1.60 (1.21–2.11)˝ | 0.83 (0.50–1.39) | 1.65 (1.30–2.10)˝ | 1.35 (0.94–1.95) | 2.12 (1.54–2.93)˝ | 3.32 (1.80–6.14)˝ | 1.03 (0.71–1.50) | 1.38 (0.75–2.54) |
OR, Odds Ratio; CI, confidence intervals. “North” included the autonomous communities: Asturias, Cantabria, Basque Country, Galicia, Navarra, La Rioja, Castile and Leon, Aragon, and Catalonia. “Center” included the autonomous communities: Madrid, Valencian Community, Extremadura, Castilla La Mancha, and Balearic Islands. “South” included the autonomous communities: Andalusia, Murcia and Canary Islands. Bsk, cold steppe climate; Cfb, temperate with a dry season and temperate summer climate; Csa, temperate with dry or hot summer climate; Csb, temperate with dry or temperate summer climate; Subtr, subtropical climate. *p < 0.05; ˝p < 0.001; #Reference category = male.