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. 2020 Nov 4;10:19057. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76226-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spray radius distributions for Category 1 (4 Nm⁻²), 3 (10 Nm⁻²), and 5 (20 Nm⁻²) tropical cyclone conditions in the VOF-to-DPM. Scales below 100 μm are not completely resolved (see Fig. 2) and have been removed from graphs. To demonstrate the increase of spray generation with wind due to the presence of surfactants for all tropical cyclone categories, the vertical axis has been normalized by the total number of samples for the Category 1 clean water case. The total number of spray particles before normalization in bins 3–21 for each panel are as follows: Cat. 1 clean water 8701, surfactant 12,073; Cat. 2 clean water 36,942, surfactant 48,074; Cat. 5 clean water 55,193, surfactant 74,104.