Table 10.
Causes of cancer-related seizure and cancer-related acute hydrocephalus[158]
| Causes | Comments |
| Cancer-related seizure | |
| Low-grade tumors | Glioma and oligodendroglioma have intrinsic epileptogenic activity as a result of their long survival and reduced seizure threshold |
| High-grade tumors | Usually secondary to necrosis, hemorrhage or edema |
| Brain metastases | Up to 40% |
| Tumor location | Cortical tumors and those on epileptogenic areas (e.g., mesial temporal lobe and insula) are associated with intractable epilepsy |
| Stroke | Ischemic or hemorrhagic |
| Drug toxicity | Cytarabine, methotrexate, cisplatin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, anthracyclines |
| Neoplastic meningitis | |
| Paraneoplastic encephalitis | |
| Central nervous system infections | |
| Electrolytic imbalance | Hyponatremia, hypocalcaemia |
| Metabolic disorders | Hypoglycemia |
| Liver or kidney failure | |
| Aggravated preexisting epilepsy | Withdrawal medication |
| Cancer-related acute hydrocephalus | |
| Stopped CSF flow by tumor obstruction of ventricular system | Colloid cysts, ependymoma, intraventricular meningioma, choroid plexus papilloma or posterior fossa tumor; in adults it is often due to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and intra-ventricular extension of metastasis |
| Increased CSF content due to deficit in reabsorption | Venous sinus thrombosis, infectious meningitis, metastatic seeding or subarachnoid hemorrhage |
CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid.