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Immunological effects of opioids
| Opioids | Immunological effects |
| Morphine | Decreased NK cell cytotoxicity[131]; Impaired intestinal barrier function[140] |
| Fentanyl and sufentanil | Decreased NK cell cytotoxicity[141]; Inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity[141] |
| Tramadol | Reverse the immunosuppression after surgery[142] |
NK: Natural killer.
