Table 1. Biochemical Parameters in Wistar Rats^a.

	fructose-naïve		fructose-fed
	control	walnuts	fructose	fructose + walnuts	Fa	Wb	FxWc
glucose (mmol/L)	5.21 ± 0.14	5.20 ± 0.13	5.54 ± 0.19	5.30 ± 0.14	0.162	0.405	0.447
ALT (U/L)	50.81 ± 2.88	51.37 ± 3.0	46.74 ± 4.99	43.87 ± 2.49	0.106	0.741	0.625
AST (U/L)	115.80 ± 7.72	120.34 ± 8.52	128.47 ± 16.7	93.86 ± 4.57	0.511	0.158	0.069
TAG (mmol/L)	0.85 ± 0.06	0.96 ± 0.09	1.02 ± 0.09	1.33 ± 0.17	0.019	0.060	0.349
uric acid (μmol/L)	28.72 ± 1.90	28.42 ± 1.03	31.42 ± 2.91	24.59 ± 1.40	0.773	0.076	0.103
creatinine (μmol/L)	29.70 ± 0.87	31.34 ± 0.88	27.14 ± 0.85	26.52 ± 0.86	<0.001	0.559	0.199
TC (mmol/L)	2.29 ± 0.10	2.02 ± 0.11	2.55 ± 0.18	2.33 ± 0.08	0.031	0.056	0.821
LDL-c (mmol/L)	0.39 ± 0.04	0.31 ± 0.03	0.45 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.04	0.050	0.230	0.576
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.91 ± 0.07	1.69 ± 0.09	2.17 ± 0.14	1.91 ± 0.08	0.020	0.019	0.821
TC/HDL-c	1.20 ± 0.02	1.19 ± 0.02	1.17 ± 0.01	1.23 ± 0.02	0.930	0.196	0.104
LDL-c/HDL-c	0.20 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.01	0.219	0.910	0.279

^aData are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 9. ^a,b,cProbabilities upon two-way ANOVA for fructose effect (F), walnut effect (W), and interaction between fructose and walnuts (FxW), respectively, upon 6 weeks. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol.