Fig. 2.

Cell type-specific differential gene expression. Volcano plots and GO annotations of differentially expressed genes in a oligodendrocytes and b heart endothelial cells exhibited cell type-specific gene expression and related pathways. Distribution of DE genes showed disequilibrium in females (red) and males (blue). In oligodendrocytes, more genes had female-specific expression, whereas in heart endothelial cells more had male-specific expression. For each cell type, only genes identified by scDD as DE genes having an FDR among the smallest 3% were retained. Only ten enriched GO terms of the smallest p values were presented. GO terms were categorized into biological process (bp), cellular component (cc), and molecular function (mf). Venn diagrams of c brain cells and d heart cells showed imbalanced number and low conservation of DEGs across cell types. Bar graphs record number of DEG in each cell type. In brain cells, 505 DEGs were specific to one cell type, while 65, 22, and 6 DEGs were shared by two, three, and four cell types; in heart cells, 297 DEGs were specific to one cell type, while 41, 7, and 2 DEGs were shared by two, three, and four cell types. “Dendrocyte” in a represents oligodendrocyte, “Cardiac” in b represents cardiac muscle cell, and “Smooth” in b represents smooth muscle cell