Table 2.

Association of HAP exposure and other risk factors with under-five mortality

	Model I		Model II
	Odds ratios	95% CI	Odds ratios	95% CI
Fuel
Clean	Ref		Ref
Biomass fuel	1.33	1.03–1.71	1.35	1.07–1.71
Charcoal			1.32	1.00–1.74
Year	0.90	0.80–1.03	0.90	0.80–1.03
Sex
Male	Ref		Ref
Female	0.82	0.78–0.86	0.82	0.78–0.86
Wealth quintile
Poorest	Ref		Ref
Poorer	0.95	0.87–1.04	0.95	0.87–1.05
Middle	0.81	0.73–0.89	0.81	0.73–0.91
Richer	0.74	0.64–0.86	0.74	0.64–0.87
Richest	0.58	0.51–0.67	0.59	0.50–0.69
Residence
Urban	Ref
Rural	1.03	0.88–1.21	1.03	0.88–1.20
Birth order	1.05	1.03–1.07	1.05	1.03–1.07
Under five children in HH	0.38	0.30–0.49	0.38	0.30–0.49
Maternal age at birth	0.99	0.98–1.00	0.99	0.98–1.00
Mother’s education
None	Ref		Ref
Primary	0.91	0.78–1.07	0.91	0.78–1.07
Secondary	0.69	0.57–0.84	0.69	0.57–0.84
Higher	0.55	0.43–0.70	0.55	0.43–0.70
Mother’s occupation
Unemployed	Ref		Ref
Professional	0.97	0.80–1.18	0.97	0.80–1.18
Clerical/sales	1.16	1.04–1.29	1.16	1.04–1.30
Agriculture	1.12	1.03–1.20	1.11	1.03–1.20
Services	1.31	1.07–1.59	1.31	1.07–1.59
Manual	1.04	0.92–1.18	1.04	0.92–1.18
Maternal smoking	1.15	0.82–1.62	1.15	0.82–1.62
Breastfed	0.09	0.05–0.18	0.09	0.05–0.18
Kitchen location
Inside	Ref		Ref
Separate building	0.85	0.73–0.98	0.84	0.74–0.97
Outside	0.75	0.64–0.87	0.75	0.64–0.87
Smoking in the household
Never	Ref
Daily	1.10	0.90–1.35	1.10	0.90–1.35
< 1/month	1.14	0.91–1.43	1.14	0.91–1.43