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. 2020 Nov 5;39:234. doi: 10.1186/s13046-020-01742-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — GCAFs promote the malignant phenotypes of GBC cells/HUVECs. A, Proliferation assay. Compared with NFs, GCAFs significantly promoted the proliferation of GBC cells at 24 h, 36 h and 48 h (vs. GBC cells group and GBC cells+NFs group, all *P < 0.05). B, Transwell invasion assay (Giemsa stain, × 200). The number (relative invasion ability) of cells that invaded through the basement membrane in GBC cell+GCAFs group was significantly more than that of GBC cell group and GBC cell+NFs group (all *P < 0.05). C, Wound healing assay. The cell migration rate of GBC cell+GCAFs group was significantly stronger than that of GBC cell group and GBC cell+NFs group at 8 h and 24 h (all ^#P < 0.05). D, Tube formation assay. At 12 h: HUVEC group (−); HUVEC+GBC-SD and HUVEC+GBC-SD + NFs (+), (vs. HUVEC, all *P < 0.05); HUVEC+GBC-SD + GCAFs (+), (vs. HUVEC+ GBC-SD or HUVEC+GBC-SD + NFs, all ^#P < 0.05). At 48 h: obvious tubular formation was observed in all the four groups, the number of tube formed in HUVEC+GBC-SD + GCAFs group was significantly more than that in the other three groups (all ^#P < 0.01), but no statistical difference was observed between HUVEC+GBC-SD group and HUVEC+GBC-SD + NFs group (P > 0.05)