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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 5.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Microbiol. 2020 Sep 8;74:39–63. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115628

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Evidence of gene transfer between Laverania species. (a) A maximum likelihood tree of rh5 gene sequences (827 bp) is shown, indicating a gene transfer from an ancestor of P. adleri to the ancestor of P. praefalciparum (97, 124). P. lomamiensis sequences were obtained by limiting dilution PCR as described (72) (GenBank accession numbers MN175633 – MN175635); other sequences were taken from published data (97, 106, 124). (b) A maximum likelihood tree of fikk9.6 gene sequences (800 bp) indicating an ancient introgression event that involved an ancestor of P. reichenowi and P. lomamiensis and an ancestor of P. billcollinsi (107). Parasite sequences derived from chimpanzee, gorilla, bonobo and human samples are shown in red, blue, purple and black, respectively, except for the P. praefalciparum reference sequence (indicated by asterisk), which is shown in blue for consistency but was obtained from a captive chimpanzee (97). Bootstrap values are shown for inter-species branches. The scale bars indicate nucleotide substitutions per site.