Table 1.

Interaction between polyamines and oncogenes

Oncogene	Activated	Suppressed	Effect of PAs	PAs feedback regulation
MYC	Polyamine biosynthase genes(ODC1, AMD1, AZIN1, DHPS, EIF5A, MAT1B, SMS, SMOX, SRM); Polyamine transporters SLC3A2; eIF5A; arginase	Polyamine catabolism enzyme genes (OAZ1,OAZ2, OAZ3, PAOX and SAT1)	Activation	Polyamines promote the translation and expression of MYC
P53	SSAT	Urea cycle enzyme genes (CPS1, OTC and ARG1); ODC	Suppression	Polyamine depletion could increase the expression of p53.Spermine may activate p53 transcription by inducing autophagy
RAS	ODC	Caveolin-1, SSAT	Activation
RAF	Polyamine transport system			Polyamines can change the phosphorylation of RAF through casein kinase 2 (CK2), thus acting as inhibitors (spermine) or activators (spermidine or putrescine combined with spermine) of Raf
MEK				Cellular polyamines regulate the expression of MEK-1 at the post transcriptional level through the RNA binding protein HuR in IECs
AKT				The ODC inhibition and SSAT expression can block the activity of AKT/GSK3-β/β-catenin pathway
MTOR	MTORC1 can maintain the stability of ODC mRNA and increase the activity of AdoMetDC	In the absence of amino acids, the activity of mTORC2 is necessary for the synthesis of AZ	Activation	In the absence of amino acids, polyamines increase mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity
Rac/RhoA				Polyamine depletion leads to localization of Rac1 and RhoA in the nucleus and perinuclear region, which reduces their activity
JUN/FOS	ODC、MAT2		Activation
LIN28				Polyamines can regulate LIN28 via the tyrosine-modified eIF-5A