Table 2.
Association between MVM usage and health status
| Characteristic | MVM non-users | MVM users | Adjusted effect of MVM usage, β or OR (95% CI)* | FDR-adjusted p value† |
| Self-rated overall health as excellent, very good or good, % (95% CI‡) | 84.9 (83.8 to 86.0) | 88.3 (87.7 to 88.9) | OR=1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) | <0.001 |
| Needs help with ADLs, % (95% CI‡) | 5.6 (4.8 to 6.3) | 4.8 (4.4 to 5.2) | OR=0.86 (0.7 to 1.04) | 0.07 |
| History of chronic conditions**, % (95% CI‡) | ||||
| Mean number of chronic conditions | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.06 to 1.11) | β=0.03 (−0.07 to 0.007) | 0.07 |
| No chronic conditions | 44.4 (42.0 to 46.8) | 43.0 (41.4 to 44.5) | ||
| One chronic condition | 26.3 (24.5 to 28.2) | 26.4 (25.4 to 27.5) | ||
| Multiple chronic conditions | 28.4 (26.7 to 30.0) | 29.7 (28.6 to 30.7) | ||
| Health conditions in past year§, (95% CI‡) | ||||
| Mean number of present conditions | 2.8 (2.7 to 2.9) | 2.7 (2.7 to 2.8) | β=−0.06 (−0.2 to 0.02) | 0.08 |
| 0–5 present conditions | 84.7 (81.3 to 88.1) | 85.2 (83.0 to 87.6) | ||
| 6–10 present conditions | 12.7 (11.6 to 13.8) | 12.4 (11.7 to 13.0) | ||
| ≥10 present conditions | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) | ||
| Kessler 6-Item score, % (95% CI‡) | ||||
| Mean Kessler score | 2.5 (2.4 to 2.6) | 2.3 (2.3 to 2.4) | β=−0.08 (−0.2 to 0.04) | 0.13 |
| No impairment | 80.9 (77.4 to 84.4) | 82.3 (80.0 to 84.6) | ||
| Moderate Impairment | 15.4 (14.2 to 16.6) | 14.8 (14.1 to 15.5) | ||
| Severe Impairment | 3.7 (3.1 to 4.2) | 2.9 (2.6 to 3.2) |
*Estimates were produced after adjusting for age, sex, race, region, education level, income, employment status, health insurance status, presence of child in household, marital status, unmet medical care due to cost in the past year, and not seeing a health professional in office in the past 2 weeks using a multivariate regression model.
†FDR-adjusted p values were computed using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.
‡All confidence intervals were computed based on a Rao-Scott-scaled χ2 distribution for the loglikelihood from a binomial distribution using the Survey package in R.
§19 health conditions in the past 12 months included: respiratory, digestive, skin, and other allergy, acid reflux, hay fever, chest cold, nausea and vomiting, sore threat, infectious disease, recurring headache, memory loss, neurological problems, sprains, and abdominal, dental, muscle/bone, chronic, and skin pain.
¶P value was defined using a multivariate regression model controlling for age, sex, race, region, education level, income, employment status, health insurance status, presence of child in household, marital status, unmet medical care due to cost in the past year, and not seeing a health professional in office in the past 2 weeks.
**Ten chronic diseases included: cancer, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, arthritis, hepatitis, and weak/failing kidneys.
ADL, activities of daily living; FDR, false discovery rate; MVM, multivitamin and multimineral.