Table 5.

Associations between diabetes and COVID-19 severity across subgroups stratified by sex, age, and CVD status

Variable	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	P for interaction
Sex	Male		Female
Hospitalization	1.554 (0.846–2.855)	0.156	0.782 (0.465–1.313)	0.352	0.084
Oxygen treatment	1.349 (1.007–1.808)	0.045	1.359 (1.019–1.813)	0.037	0.529
Ventilator support	1.946 (1.126–3.365)	0.017	1.901 (1.008–3.582)	0.047	0.740
Death	2.248 (1.400–3.610)	<0.001	3.054 (1.869–4.991)	<0.001	0.357
Age	<65 yr		≥65 yr
Hospitalization	1.113 (0.668–1.853)	0.681	0.983 (0.523–1.850)	0.959	0.602
Oxygen treatment	1.701 (1.247–2.321)	<0.001	1.131 (0.867–1.477)	0.364	<0.001
Ventilator support	1.464 (0.690–3.105)	0.320	1.953 (1.180–3.232)	0.009	0.925
Death	3.061 (1.261–7.435)	0.014	2.553 (1.763–3.699)	<0.001	0.246
CVD	Non-CVD		CVD
Hospitalization	1.265 (0.796–2.011)	0.321	0.654 (0.284–1.504)	0.318	0.122
Oxygen treatment	1.359 (1.064–1.735)	0.014	1.369 (0.938–1.998)	0.103	0.662
Ventilator support	1.569 (0.964–2.555)	0.070	3.536 (1.443–8.664)	0.006	0.092
Death	2.775 (1.789–4.302)	<0.001	2.800 (1.590–4.930)	<0.001	0.572

Model adjusted for age+sex+hypertension+dyslipidemia+chronic kidney disease+chronic obstructive lung disease+cardiovascular disease+ atrial fibrillation+end-stage renal disease+cancer.

COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CVD, cardiovascular disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.