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. 2020 Sep 25;9(21):8173–8185. doi: 10.1002/cam4.3432

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Compounds from the marine algae‐derived endophytic fungus Aspergillus wentii EN‐48 inhibited receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclast formation with low or no cytotoxicity in vitro. The chemical structure and CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) number of each compound (A). Macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF)‐dependent bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were treated with 50 ng/mL RANKL with or without compounds for 5 d. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP) staining was performed until osteoclasts formed (n = 3 per group) (B). The number of TRAcP‐positive osteoclasts (nuclei ≥ 3) was quantified (percentage of control) (C). The area/size of TRAcP‐positive osteoclasts (nuclei ≥ 3) was quantified (percentage of control) (D). The cytotoxic effect of each compound on M‐CSF‐dependent BMMs was measured by CCK8 assay. BMMs were cultured with 50 ng/mL M‐CSF with compounds (0.5 μmol/L) for 48 h (n = 3 per group) (E). Cell viability is expressed as a percentage of control (CTRL). Data are shown as mean ± SD; n = 3 per group; **P < .01 and ***P < .005, compared with untreated groups.