Table 2.
Association between incident pneumonia and subsequent health event risk within or beyond 90 days
| Outcomes | Total number of events | Nonpneumonia period |
<90 days after pneumonia |
≥90 days after pneumonia |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event rate (per 1000 py) | Event rate (per 1000 py) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Event rate (per 1000 py) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | ||
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||
| Death | 19 761 | 60.3 | 1217.1 | 19.5 (18.6–20.5) | 10.0 (9.5–10.5) | 247.40 | 3.4 (3.3–3.6) | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) |
| MACE | 26 446 | 112.9 | 1842.5 | 16.7 (15.9–17.6) | 12.6 (12.0–13.3) | 192.90 | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||
| CKD progression | 10 741 | 41.8 | 121.1 | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 2.1 (1.8–2.5) | 77.70 | 1.7 (1.6–1.9) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| AKI | 1649 | 5.7 | 77.8 | 14.1 (11.7–16.9) | 8.2 (6.7–9.9) | 10.10 | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
| UTI or sepsis | 9439 | 33.6 | 545.1 | 16.5 (15.3–17.8) | 9.7 (8.9–10.5) | 84.4 | 2.6 (2.4–2.9) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) |
| Control outcomes | ||||||||
| Cataract | 8852 | 36 | 28.7 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 38.60 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (0.9-1.1) |
| Replacement of knee-joint surgery | 1121 | 4.4 | 3 | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | 2.20 | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
Multivariable adjustment included age, sex, eGFR, comorbid history (recent infection, hypertension, CVD, diabetes mellitus, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatic disease, dementia, peptic ulcer disease, liver disease, hemiplegia or paraplegia) and ongoing medications (immunosuppressive drugs, corticosteroids, NSAIDs/aspirin, ACEi/ABRs, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, MRAs, other antihypertensives, other diuretics, statins, anticoagulants and proton pump inhibitors).