Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Full Cohort | Propensity Score–Weighted Cohorta | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Piperacillin-Tazobactam, n = 47; 25% | Carbapenem, n = 141; 75% | P Value | Standardized Mean Differences | Piperacillin-Tazobactam, n = 45; 24% | Carbapenem, n = 141; 76% | P Value | Standardized Mean Differences |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 62 (48–73) | 63 (49–74) | .986 | 0.003 | 64 (50–72) | 63 (49–74) | .886 | 0.023 |
| Female gender (%) | 32 (68.1) | 95 (67.4) | .928 | −0.047 | 32 (71.1) | 96 (68.1) | .756 | −0.055 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Black | 15 (31.9) | 44 (31.2) | .928 | 0.030 | 16 (35.6) | 44 (31.2) | .643 | 0.084 |
| White | 24 (51.1) | 74 (52.5) | .866 | −0.049 | 22 (48.9) | 74 (52.5) | .705 | −0.068 |
| Asian | 5 (10.6) | 11 (7.8) | .546 | 0.105 | 4 (8.9) | 10 (7.1) | .602 | 0.079 |
| Latino | 2 (4.3) | 8 (5.7) | .707 | −0.060 | 2 (4.4) | 8 (5.7) | .715 | −0.063 |
| Other | 1 (2.1) | 4 (2.8) | .794 | −0.042 | 1 (2.2) | 4 (2.8) | .582 | −0.092 |
| Preexisting medical conditions | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 11 (23.4) | 41 (29.1) | .451 | −0.116 | 13 (28.9) | 39 (27.7) | .970 | 0.007 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (12.8) | 21 (14.9) | .719 | −0.053 | 5 (11.1) | 20 (14.2) | .741 | −0.057 |
| Cirrhosis | 2 (4.3) | 10 (7.1) | .491 | −0.118 | 2 (4.4) | 9 (6.4) | .666 | −0.076 |
| Renal transplant | 4 (8.5) | 16 (11.3) | .585 | −0.088 | 5 (11.1) | 15 (10.6) | .960 | −0.009 |
| Solid organ transplant, other than renal transplant | 4 (8.5) | 18 (12.8) | .432 | −0.131 | 5 (11.1) | 16 (11.3) | .818 | −0.043 |
| Bone marrow transplant within past 12 months | 1 (2.1) | 4 (2.8) | .794 | −0.042 | 2 (4.4) | 4 (2.8) | .806 | 0.053 |
| Chemotherapy within past 6 months | 3 (6.4) | 10 (7.1) | .868 | −0.022 | 4 (8.9) | 10 (7.1) | .823 | 0.045 |
| Immunosuppressive therapy within the past 30 daysb | 5 (10.6) | 23 (16.3) | .344 | −0.158 | 7 (15.6) | 21 (14.9) | .997 | −0.001 |
| Urologic abnormalities | ||||||||
| Foley catheter, not removed | 5 (10.6) | 17 (12.1) | .793 | −0.037 | 5 (11.1) | 16 (11.3) | .939 | −0.014 |
| Intermittent catheterization | 8 (17.0) | 32 (22.7) | .410 | −0.132 | 8 (17.8) | 30 (21.3) | .756 | −0.058 |
| Nephrostomy tube or suprapubic catheter | 3 (6.4) | 2 (1.4) | .067 | 0.261 | 1 (2.2) | 4 (2.8) | .963 | 0.006 |
| Nephrolithiasis | 1 (2.1) | 8 (5.7) | .324 | −0.180 | 2 (4.4) | 7 (5.0) | .783 | −0.061 |
| Prior genitourinary surgery | 4 (8.5) | 6 (4.3) | .260 | 0.180 | 3 (6.7) | 8 (5.7) | .799 | 0.040 |
| Persistence of urinary hardware throughout antibiotic treatment | 5 (10.6) | 14 (9.9) | .889 | 0.031 | 4 (8.9) | 15 (10.6) | .854 | −0.034 |
| ICU admission for pyelonephritis | 11 (23.4) | 38 (27.0) | .684 | −0.069 | 13 (28.9) | 38 (27.0) | .825 | 0.042 |
| Vasopressors | 2 (4.3) | 8 (5.7) | .729 | −0.060 | 2 (4.4) | 7 (5.0) | .625 | −0.075 |
| Pathogen | ||||||||
| Escherichia coli | 29 (61.7) | 77 (54.6) | .396 | 0.126 | 25 (55.6) | 79 (56.0) | .970 | 0.007 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 13 (27.7) | 44 (31.2) | .647 | −0.064 | 15 (33.3) | 43 (30.5) | .704 | 0.072 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 2 (4.3) | 4 (2.8) | .632 | 0.081 | 1 (2.2) | 4 (2.8) | .990 | 0.002 |
| Proteus mirabilis | 3 (6.4) | 16 (11.3) | .328 | −0.169 | 3 (6.7) | 14 (9.9) | .469 | −0.129 |
Data are for patients hospitalized with ESBL-producing Enterobacterales pyelonephritis without concomitant bacteremia who were treated with piperacillin-tazobactam versus carbapenem therapy. Data are shown as n (%), unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range.
aPropensity score–weighted numbers were rounded to whole numbers for ease of interpretation. All patients from the eligible population (ie, full cohort) were included in the propensity score–weighted cohort but the process of weighting led to a slightly decreased sample size in the propensity score–weighted cohort.
bOther than for the conditions described in the table.