Table 1.
Patient demographics and operation characteristics: All cases.
| Pre-ERAS | ERAS (early) | ERAS (late) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | |
| Age [mean, years (SD)] | 58.2 (13.5) | 58.8 (13.3) | 58.6 (13.1) | 0.62 |
| Sex, male (%) | 530 (53) | 554 (55) | 536 (54) | 0.53 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Asian or Indian subcontinental | 58 (5.8) | 62 (6.2) | 92 (9.2) | |
| Black or African American | 71 (7.1) | 55 (5.5) | 42 (4.2) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 35 (3.5) | 46 (4.6) | 55 (5.5) | |
| Native American – American Indian/Alaskan | 0 (0) | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0) | |
| White | 779 (77.9) | 785 (78.5) | 781 (78.1) | |
| Unknown | 56 (5.6) | 46 (4.6) | 30 (3.0) | |
| ASA class (%) | 0.55 | |||
| P1 | 4 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | |
| P2 | 295 (29.5) | 289 (28.9) | 286 (28.6) | |
| P3 | 685 (68.5) | 682 (68.2) | 695 (69.5) | |
| P4 | 16 (1.6) | 27 (2.7) | 17 (1.7) | |
| BMI [mean, kg/m2 (SD)] | 28.5 (6.0) | 28.3 (6.0) | 27.9 (6.1) | 0.12 |
| Surgical approach, open (%) | 377 (38) | 299 (30) | 303 (30) | <0.001 |
| Surgery description | 0.001 | |||
| Colon resection (%) | 595 (59.5) | 584 (58.4) | 527 (52.7) | |
| Rectal resection (%) | 171 (17.1) | 201 (20.1) | 210 (21.0) | |
| Ostomy reversal (%) | 195 (19.5) | 163 (16.3) | 191 (19.1) | |
| Other (%) | 39 (3.9) | 52 (5.2) | 72 (7.2) | |
| Stomal diversion | 0.70 | |||
| Colostomy (%) | 70 (7.0) | 75 (7.5) | 87 (8.7) | |
| Ileostomy (%) | 115 (11.5) | 118 (11.8) | 113 (11.3) | |
| None (%) | 815 (81.5) | 807 (80.7) | 800 (80.0) | |
| EBL [median, mL (i.q.r)] | 100 (40 – 200) | 90 (40 – 200) | 90 (40 – 200) | 0.11 |
| Duration of surgery [mean, hours (SD)] | 3.4 (1.9) | 3.4 (1.9) | 3.5 (1.9) | 0.55 |
ERAS, Enhanced Recovery after surgery. SD, standard deviation. ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists. BMI, body mass index. EBL, estimated blood loss. i.q.r., interquartile range.
p = chi-square test for categorical variables; analysis of variance / t-test or Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric) for continuous variables.