Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in cohort B (the primary analysis cohort) after inverse probability of treatment weighting
| Characteristics | RAS Cohort | Amlodipine Cohort | ||||
| NSAID, n=4034a (6249b) | Oxycodone, n=16,110a (7127b) | SMD | NSAID, n=1181a (5782b) | Oxycodone, n=4700a (6413b) | SMD | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years, mean | 62.8 | 63.1 | 0.020 | 63.8 | 63.6 | 0.012 |
| Female sex, % | 49 | 48 | 0.016 | 50 | 49 | 0.023 |
| Race, % | ||||||
| White | 54 | 54 | 0.009 | 53 | 52 | 0.019 |
| Black | 37 | 37 | 0.005 | 39 | 3 | 0.003 |
| Other/unknown | 9 | 10 | 0.007 | 8 | 9 | 0.039 |
| BMI in kg/m2, mean | 31.1 | 31.1 | 0.003 | 30.7 | 30.9 | 0.016 |
| Year, mean | 2011 | 2011 | 0.018 | 2011 | 2011 | 0.001 |
| Hospital admission characteristics | ||||||
| Center, % | ||||||
| CCH | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.000 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.025 |
| HUP | 46 | 47 | 0.015 | 46 | 47 | 0.020 |
| PAH | 25 | 25 | 0.003 | 25 | 27 | 0.049 |
| PMC | 29 | 28 | 0.020 | 29 | 26 | 0.065 |
| Surgical admission, % | 61 | 62 | 0.015 | 62 | 61 | 0.016 |
| Location of initial presentation, % | ||||||
| ED | 31 | 30 | 0.018 | 32 | 30 | 0.048 |
| ICU | 8 | 7 | 0.028 | 7 | 7 | 0.005 |
| OR | 27 | 27 | 0.001 | 28 | 28 | 0.006 |
| Floor | 28 | 29 | 0.008 | 28 | 29 | 0.023 |
| Other | 6 | 7 | 0.052 | 6 | 6 | 0.034 |
| LOS before index in days, mean | 2.9 | 2.9 | 0.005 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.021 |
| ICU care at index date, % | 16 | 16 | 0.013 | 16 | 16 | 0.002 |
| Perioperative recency, % | ||||||
| Not in perioperative period | 74 | 73 | 0.022 | 71 | 72 | 0.008 |
| POD zero | 2 | 2 | 0.014 | 2 | 2 | 0.012 |
| POD one | 13 | 13 | 0.015 | 15 | 14 | 0.026 |
| POD two | 8 | 9 | 0.028 | 8 | 10 | 0.053 |
| POD three | 4 | 3 | 0.006 | 4 | 4 | 0.032 |
| Mechanical ventilation, % | 3 | 4 | 0.039 | 4 | 3 | 0.034 |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||||
| Heart failure | 24 | 23 | 0.011 | 22 | 21 | 0.013 |
| Myocardial infarction | 14 | 14 | 0.002 | 13 | 13 | 0.015 |
| Hypertension | 90 | 90 | 0.003 | 92 | 91 | 0.042 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 20 | 19 | 0.010 | 17 | 17 | 0.009 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 16 | 16 | 0.001 | 15 | 14 | 0.028 |
| Valvular disease | 16 | 15 | 0.008 | 15 | 15 | 0.013 |
| Stroke | 10 | 10 | 0.005 | 9 | 11 | 0.068 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 14 | 15 | 0.025 | 14 | 16 | 0.061 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 9 | 9 | 0.008 | 9 | 7 | 0.044 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 28 | 27 | 0.028 | 29 | 27 | 0.044 |
| Liver disease | 5 | 5 | 0.001 | 4 | 5 | 0.045 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| None | 65 | 65 | 0.003 | 67 | 67 | 0.001 |
| Noncomplicated | 28 | 28 | 0.009 | 26 | 26 | 0.013 |
| Complicated | 8 | 8 | 0.021 | 7 | 8 | 0.021 |
| CKD | 10 | 11 | 0.038 | 13 | 11 | 0.058 |
| Weight loss | 6 | 6 | 0.002 | 7 | 7 | 0.005 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 26 | 26 | 0.009 | 28 | 27 | 0.040 |
| Cancer | ||||||
| None | 82 | 82 | 0.011 | 81 | 81 | 0.013 |
| Nonmetastatic | 12 | 12 | 0.003 | 13 | 13 | 0.016 |
| Metastatic | 6 | 6 | 0.015 | 6 | 6 | 0.002 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 15 | 14 | 0.025 | 12 | 14 | 0.075 |
| HIV/AIDS | 1 | 1 | 0.013 | 1 | 1 | 0.013 |
| Kidney function | ||||||
| GFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, mean | 74.9 | 74.5 | 0.021 | 74.4 | 74.8 | 0.017 |
| Prior AKI, % | 10 | 10 | 0.008 | 9 | 9 | 0.002 |
| Laboratory values, mean | ||||||
| WBC, ×108 cells/L | 9.9 | 9.9 | 0.014 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 0.029 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.2 | 11.1 | 0.037 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 0.029 |
| Platelets, ×1011 cells/L | 235.8 | 236.7 | 0.010 | 233.1 | 237.0 | 0.039 |
| Chloride, mEq/L | 103.8 | 103.7 | 0.004 | 103.9 | 103.7 | 0.039 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.1 | 4.1 | 0.001 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 0.040 |
| Medications, % | ||||||
| Selective β1-blockers | 41 | 42 | 0.013 | 44 | 41 | 0.052 |
| Combined α- and β-blockers | 12 | 12 | 0.007 | 10 | 10 | 0.005 |
| Loop diuretics | 26 | 25 | 0.016 | 23 | 24 | 0.009 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 16 | 16 | 0.010 | 15 | 16 | 0.041 |
| Hydralazine | 8 | 9 | 0.037 | 10 | 10 | 0.017 |
| Other antihypertensivesc | 7 | 8 | 0.029 | 8 | 9 | 0.025 |
| Acid suppressants | ||||||
| None | 39 | 40 | 0.006 | 39 | 38 | 0.008 |
| H2RA | 25 | 25 | 0.004 | 26 | 27 | 0.012 |
| PPI | 36 | 35 | 0.009 | 35 | 35 | 0.003 |
| Broad spectrum antibioticsd | 12 | 12 | 0.008 | 10 | 13 | 0.074 |
| Narrow spectrum antibioticse | 40 | 41 | 0.026 | 44 | 42 | 0.038 |
| Vancomycin | 22 | 22 | 0.018 | 20 | 21 | 0.027 |
| Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim | 3 | 3 | 0.026 | 2 | 3 | 0.066 |
| Other nephrotoxic antibioticsf | 3 | 3 | 0.017 | 4 | 3 | 0.006 |
| Other nephrotoxinsg | 2 | 2 | 0.032 | 2 | 2 | 0.030 |
| Vasopressors | 4 | 4 | 0.025 | 4 | 4 | 0.002 |
RAS, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SMD, absolute standardized mean difference; BMI, body mass index; CCH, Chester County Hospital; HUP, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; PAH, Pennsylvania Hospital; PMC, Presbyterian Medical Center; ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, operating room; LOS, length of stay; POD, postoperative day; WBC, white blood cells; H2RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
Actual sample size.
Effective sample size after inverse probability of treatment weighting.
Propranolol, clonidine, doxazosin, terazosin.
Carbapenems, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, fluoroquinolones, aztreonam.
First- and second-generation cephalosporins, macrolides, amoxicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin-sulbactam.
Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin), colistin.
Carboplatin, cisplatin, ifosfamide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, methotrexate, amphotericin, acyclovir.