TABLE 1. Characteristics of symptomatic adults aged ≥18 years who were outpatients in 11 academic health care facilities and who received positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 test results (314)* — United States, July 1–29, 2020.
| Characteristic | No. (%) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case-patients (153) | Control-participants (161) | ||
|
Age group, yrs
| |||
| 18–29 |
44 (28.7) |
39 (24.2) |
0.23 |
| 30–44 |
46 (30.1) |
62 (38.5) |
|
| 45–59 |
45 (29.4) |
36 (22.4) |
|
| ≥60 |
18 (11.8) |
24 (14.9) |
|
|
Sex
| |||
| Men |
75 (49.0) |
72 (44.7) |
0.45 |
| Women |
78 (51.0) |
89 (55.3) |
|
|
Race/Ethnicity (missing = 1)
| |||
| White, non-Hispanic |
92 (60.5) |
124 (77.0) |
<0.01 |
| Hispanic/Latino |
29 (19.1) |
12 (7.5) |
|
| Black, non-Hispanic |
25 (16.5) |
19 (11.8) |
|
| Other, non-Hispanic† |
6 (3.9) |
6 (3.7) |
|
|
Education (missing = 4)
| |||
| Less than high school |
15 (9.9) |
3 (1.9) |
<0.01 |
| High school degree or some college |
60 (39.5) |
48 (30.4) |
|
| College degree or more |
77 (50.6) |
107 (67.7) |
|
|
Health insurance coverage (missing = 2)
§
| |||
| No insurance |
15 (9.8) |
9 (5.7) |
0.16 |
| Yes |
130 (85.0) |
146 (91.8) |
|
| Don’t know |
8 (5.2) |
4 (2.5) |
|
|
At least one underlying chronic medical condition¶
(missing = 1) |
74 (48.4) |
98 (61.3) |
0.02 |
|
Type of residence (missing = 1)
| |||
| Single family home |
107 (69.9) |
119 (74.4) |
0.41 |
| Apartment |
34 (22.2) |
34 (21.2) |
|
| Other** |
12 (7.9) |
7 (4.4) |
|
|
Household income (US$)
|
|
|
|
| <25,000 |
20 (13.1) |
10 (6.2) |
0.09 |
| 25,000–34,000 |
10 (6.5) |
8 (5.0) |
|
| 35,000–49,000 |
16 (10.5) |
12 (7.5) |
|
| 50,000–74,000 |
17 (11.1) |
25 (15.5) |
|
| ≥75,000 |
64 (41.8) |
87 (54.0) |
|
| Don't know/Not sure |
15 (9.8) |
8 (5.0) |
|
| Refused |
11 (7.2) |
11 (6.8) |
|
|
Employment status 14 days before illness onset
| |||
| Work full-time |
90 (58.8) |
109 (67.7) |
0.45 |
| Work part-time |
23 (15.0) |
18 (11.2) |
|
| Self-employed |
8 (5.2) |
6 (3.7) |
|
| Student |
6 (3.9) |
2 (1.2) |
|
| Homemaker |
5 (3.3) |
4 (2.5) |
|
| Retired |
10 (6.6) |
14 (8.7) |
|
| Not employed currently/Unable to work |
11 (7.2) |
8 (5.0) |
|
|
Workplace or school closure because of COVID-19 during illness (256)
|
36 (29.8) |
37 (27.4) |
0.68 |
|
Place of employment 14 days before illness onset (262)
| |||
| Health care facility (not in a long-term care facility) |
19 (15.0) |
28 (20.8) |
0.44 |
| Health care facility (long-term care facility) |
1 (0.8) |
3 (2.2) |
|
| Large factory setting |
4 (3.1) |
5 (3.7) |
|
| Correctional or detention facility |
0 (0.0) |
2 (1.5) |
|
| Teacher, educator, or camp counselor†† |
8 (6.3) |
8 (5.9) |
|
| Other§§ |
95 (74.8) |
89 (65.9) |
|
|
Telework and office or school attendance 14 days before illness onset (248)
¶¶
| |||
| Worked from home or teleworked at least part of the time |
42 (35.0) |
68 (53.1) |
<0.01 |
| Went into an office or school regularly | 78 (65.0) | 60 (46.9) | |
* Patients were randomly sampled from 11 academic health care systems that are part of the Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the Critically Ill (IVY) Network sites (Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington). Participating states include California, Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Utah, and Washington.
† Other race includes responses of Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, and other; these were combined because of small sample sizes.
§ Insurance status included public, private, or both. No insurance included those who reported having neither private nor public insurance.
¶ Reported at least one of the following underlying chronic medical conditions: cardiac condition, hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency, psychiatric condition, diabetes, or obesity.
** Other residence included not specified or refused to answer (5), duplex/two-family home (3), trailer/mobile home (3), group home (2), townhome (2), hotel (1), long-term care facility (1), condominium (1), and lived in university fraternity or sorority housing (1).
†† Including any other field that works with children aged <18 years.
§§ Other work exposures are those who reported “No, I do not work in any of these fields” among the possible workplace exposures assessed.
¶¶ Thirteen participants reported “don’t know/not sure,” and one refused to answer the question. Participants were asked “In the 14 days prior to becoming ill, were you: Going into an office/school regularly; Working from home/teleworking; Both.” Response options were dichotomized with those who reported “both” categorized as “Worked from home or teleworked at least part of the time.”