TABLE 2. Characteristics of work activity among symptomatic adults aged ≥18 years who reported working in the 14 days before illness onset from 11 academic health care facilities (248) * — United States, July 1–29, 2020.
| Characteristic | No. (%) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Telework and work from home (110) | Going into an office or school regularly (138) | ||
|
Age group, yrs
| |||
| 18–29 |
30 (27.3) |
44 (31.9) |
0.89 |
| 30–44 |
42 (38.2) |
49 (35.5) |
|
| 45–59 |
31 (28.2) |
37 (26.8) |
|
| ≥60 |
7 (6.3) |
8 (5.8) |
|
|
Sex
| |||
| Men |
48 (43.6) |
71 (51.5) |
0.22 |
| Women |
62 (56.4) |
67 (48.5) |
|
|
Race/Ethnicity (missing = 1)
| |||
| White, non-Hispanic |
87 (79.8) |
84 (60.9) |
<0.01 |
| Hispanic/Latino |
6 (5.5) |
27 (19.6) |
|
| Black, non-Hispanic |
11 (10.1) |
22 (15.9) |
|
| Other, non-Hispanic† |
5 (4.6) |
5 (3.6) |
|
|
Education (missing = 3)
| |||
| Less than high school |
1 (0.9) |
9 (6.6) |
<0.01 |
| High school degree or some college |
18 (16.7) |
65 (47.4) |
|
| College degree or more |
89 (82.4) |
63 (46.0) |
|
|
Health insurance coverage (missing = 2)
§
| |||
| No insurance |
2 (1.8) |
17 (12.4) |
<0.01 |
| Yes |
104 (95.4) |
114 (83.2) |
|
| Don’t know |
3 (2.8) |
6 (4.4) |
|
|
Household income (US$)
| |||
| <25,000 |
4 (3.6) |
18 (13.0) |
<0.01 |
| 25,000–34,000 |
5 (4.6) |
8 (5.8) |
|
| 35,000–49,000 |
3 (2.7) |
16 (11.6) |
|
| 50,000–74,000 |
17 (15.5) |
18 (13.0) |
|
| ≥75,000 |
69 (62.7) |
64 (46.4) |
|
| Don't know/Not sure |
4 (3.6) |
9 (6.5) |
|
| Refused |
8 (7.3) |
5 (3.7) |
|
|
Employment status 14 days before illness onset
| |||
| Work full-time |
85 (77.3) |
107 (77.5) |
0.12 |
| Work part-time |
12 (10.9) |
24 (17.4) |
|
| Self-employed |
7 (6.4) |
5 (3.6) |
|
| Student |
6 (5.4) |
2 (1.5) |
|
|
Place of employment 14 days before illness onset
| |||
| Health care facility (not in a long-term care facility) |
12 (10.9) |
34 (24.6) |
<0.01 |
| Health care facility (long-term care facility) |
1 (0.9) |
3 (2.2) |
|
| Large factory setting |
0 (0.0) |
6 (4.4) |
|
| Correctional or detention facility |
2 (1.8) |
0 (0.0) |
|
| Teacher, educator, or camp counselor¶ |
10 (9.1) |
5 (3.6) |
|
| Other** |
85 (77.3) |
90 (65.2) |
|
|
Close contact with a person with known COVID-19 (missing = 2)
|
26 (23.6) |
50 (36.8) |
0.03 |
|
Community exposure 14 days before illness onset
††
| |||
| Shopping (missing = 2) |
100 (90.9) |
119 (87.5) |
0.40 |
| Home, ≤10 persons (missing = 1) |
66 (60.0) |
68 (49.6) |
0.10 |
| Restaurant (missing = 2) |
34 (30.9) |
51 (37.5) |
0.28 |
| Salon (missing = 2) |
21 (19.1) |
17 (12.5) |
0.16 |
| Home, >10 persons (missing = 1) |
19 (17.3) |
16 (11.7) |
0.21 |
| Gym (missing = 2) |
13 (11.8) |
7 (5.2) |
0.06 |
| Public transportation (missing = 2) |
5 (4.6) |
8 (5.9) |
0.64 |
| Bar/Coffee shop (missing = 3) |
7 (6.4) |
13 (9.6) |
0.35 |
| Church/Religious gathering (missing = 2) | 3 (2.7) | 15 (11.0) | 0.01 |
* Participants were asked “In the 14 days prior to becoming ill, were you: Going into an office/school regularly; Working from home/teleworking; Both.” Among 262 participants who reported working in the 14 days before illness onset, 13 reported “don’t know/not sure,” and one refused to answer the question. Response options were dichotomized with those who reported “both” as teleworking or working from home at least part of the time. Patients were randomly sampled from 11 academic health care systems that are part of the Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the Critically Ill (IVY) Network sites (Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah; Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington). Participating states include California, Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Utah, and Washington.
† Other race includes responses of Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, and other; these were combined because of small sample sizes.
§ Insurance status included public, private, or both. No insurance included those who reported having neither private nor public insurance.
¶ Including any other field that works with children aged <18 years.
** Persons who reported “No, I do not work in any of these fields” among the possible workplace exposures assessed.
†† Participants were asked “In the 14 days before feeling ill about how often did you: 1) Shop for items (groceries, prescriptions, home goods, clothing, etc.); 2) have people visit you inside your home or go inside someone else's home where there were more than 10 people; 3) have people visit you inside your home or go inside someone else's home where there were 10 people or less; 4) go to a restaurant (dine-in, any area designated by the restaurant including patio seating); 5) go to a gym or fitness center; 6) go to a salon or barber (e.g., hair salon, nail salon, etc.); 7) attend church or a religious gathering/place of worship; 8) go to a bar or coffee shop (indoors); and 9) use public transportation (bus, subway, streetcar, train, etc.).” Response options were coded as never versus at least once in the 14 days before illness onset. Participants were asked each question separately and could have responded to multiple community exposure questions.